The future of London Heathrow Airport Literature review

The future of London Heathrow Airport - Literature review Example Development of the motorway network and railway network increased accessibility of London to rest of cities of the country (Rodrigue 2013). London was made the focus for of all these networks. London became the main focus for international air travellers during the days of the war. London was surrounded by four airports, and Heathrow alone was used for handling of two thirds of air traffic. In times of rapid growth in 1960s transport planners reached a new approach of transport planning. Proposal was the expansion of Stansted airport, but due to strong opposition from people this plan was left uncompleted. Both, government and GLC, have supported the trends of transport planning, which have been not only considered inevitable but also desirable (Adams 1981). Atkin et al., (2009) focused on the departure system of the London Heathrow airport and founded that if the delay time for the aircraft awaiting take-off and running engines would result into a less usage of fuel as well as pollution benefits. They pointed out various constraints, applied to take off the schedules. Some physical changes at the airport can eliminate the impacts of constraints and increase the capacity for departure systems. Heathrow airport completed the 5th terminal in 2008 and second phase in year 2011. Expansion of airport too encompassed the refurbishment of terminals such as terminal 1, 3 and 4. A new air control traffic tower and terminal 5 stations were installed. Expansion also included the tunnels for the extension of Piccadilly line, Heathrow express and spur road from the M25. Air control tower was installed on the Heathrow airport in 2007, which presented the unobstructed view (Kable Intelligence System 2014). Cecil (2013) reported that Heathrow would be the fourth runway with a million of flights in a year. Expansion of Heathrow airport would result into a leading aviation Hub of Europe. However, development

Abraham & Isaac Essay Example for Free

Abraham Isaac Essay In this classical piece of art, there is a connection with the biblical story of Abraham abiding to God’s command. Abraham is commanded to sacrifice his one and only son. â€Å"Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt-offering on one of the mountains that I shall show you.† (Genesis 22:1-2) And so the picture depicts the last moments of Abraham and his son, where Abraham is about to make the greatest sacrifice; therefore, God sends down an Angel to stop him and bless him afterwards for showing great faith. â€Å"Because you have done this, and have not withheld your son, your only son, I will indeed bless you, and I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore†¦ said the Lord† (Genesis 22:15) See more: Recruitment and selection process essay By analyzing the painting, we can distinguish the characters and determine the setting, harmonizing with the story of Abraham sacrificing Isaac. First, there are three important characters in the painting that are drawn in great detail. The first character we can identify is Abraham who is in the center of the picture, where all the action is happening. We can tell that Abraham is the one who is holding the knife in his dominant hand ready to make sacrifice, with Isaac on the table. The main character Abraham, is wearing bright colors of red and purple, known to be royal colors and revered. Abraham is also clothed fully from top to bottom showing little skin. The Angel in the background is wearing a bright white garment clothed from top to bottom. We can tell that the Angel is advising Abraham because Abraham’s attention is towards this Angel. We know this is an angel who came down from heaven because of the white wings on its back and how it is levitating from the ground. And know that Isaac is on the table because of how young he looks and little he is clothed. I also identified how innocent they are by observing the skin tone in each character. Abraham is the darkest because of his life experience and coming of old age, the Angel has a mild tone after Abraham, and then there is Isaac who is palest of them all. I also interpreted their level of maturity by the color of their hair. Abraham being the oldest having white hair, the Angel having mild brown hair, and Isaac being the youngest with healthy dark, black hair. Looking at the position of the characters we can also depict the hierarchy levels in each character. Angel remains on the highest ground, then Abraham, and then Isaac. I find it particularly interesting to find the lamb being on higher grounds than Isaac, this could be to show the importance of this animal that is chosen to be sacrificed for God. Before Abraham is to make his sacrifice, he kneels before the wooden altar staying close to his son. We can pick up senses that the father has a loving relationship for his son. There are also emotions in these characters. Abraham exhibits sadness and worry in his facial expression. Isaac has a helpless, sad expression, where he knows his end will come by his own father’s hands. What I find amusing the most is that in this painting, Isaac may have knew he was going to be the sacrificial lamb. I believe Isaac knew from the point when he asked his father where the lamb for burnt-offering was. I conclude that he knew of this because the way he is tied up. Isaac is not tied up by the feet, nor is his hands tied to the table. If Isaac really wanted to run away he could’ve easily done so. Instead Isaac accepted the fact that he was going to be sacrificed and so he did not struggle. Next, the scenery helps us identify the setting of the biblical account on Abraham sacrificing Isaac. The picture background clearly identifies that the sacrificing takes place in a mountain. In the background there is large land below their elevation noting how high this is taking place. With the details in the picture we can tell that the setting took place in a dark shady area. This picture also exhibits the time of season, around the time of fall because there are missing leaves on the branches. On the right bottom corner there is moss growing on rocks, and moss only grows in moist and shady areas. With the details of the moss and dark colors we can get a sense of dark atmosphere of something is not right in the picture. The location of the sun and the angle of the shadow on the land below do not correspond with each other. The area where it’s brightest above the Angel’s finger can actually represent God or the Heavens above. The sun should be more towards our left in front of the characters where the light shines on the tree and the characters. Also the branches and the angle of this painting show that it is pointing to the West. I can only conclude that the reason to pointing to the West has to do something with the sun rising in the West and setting in the East. Even the Angel and the lamb are looking to the West while Abraham and Isaac is the only one in the picture looking to the East. In conclusion, I can speculate from the details in the painting that it interprets the biblical text of the Lord testing Abraham to sacrifice his own son. This painting exhibits a theme of fear. Abraham fears the Lord and so he chooses to pursue God’s command by free will. Isaac displays fear in his facial expression but does not struggle for his life.

Areas to Support Children’s Learning and Development

Areas to Support Children’s Learning and Development Supporting Children’s Learning and Development Children are developing all the time and their learning reflects this, so, for example, when a child can pull themselves up they can suddenly reach things they couldn’t before or when they learn new words they begin to label objects such as ball or drink. The revised EYFS uses the term Learning and Development to describe seven areas of learning. These are all related to each other however, they are divided into prime and specific areas. Prime Areas Personal, Social and Emotional Development Communication and Language Physical Development Specific Areas Literacy Mathematics Understanding the World Expressive Arts and Design In addition the revised EYFS refers to the different ways that children learn as the characteristics of learning: playing and exploring – children investigate and experience things and ‘have a go’. Active learning – children concentrate and keep on trying if they encounter difficulties and enjoy achievements. Creating and thinking critically – children have and develop their own ideas, make links between ideas and develop strategies for doing things. Together with the prime and specific areas these comprise the knowledge, skills and experiences that are developmentally appropriate for children from birth to 5 years. Personal, Social and Emotional Development – Involves helping children to form positive relationships, to develop social skills and learn how to manage their feelings and develop respect for others. Personal, Social and Emotional Development is made up of these aspects: Self Confidence and Self Awareness – Children are confident to try new activities and say why they like some activities more than others. They are confident to speak in a familiar group, talk about their ideas and say when they do or don’t need help. Managing Feelings and Behaviour – Children talk about how they and others show feelings, talk about their own and others behaviour and that some behaviour is unacceptable. They work part of a group and understand to follow rules. Making Relationships – Children play co-operatively, taking turns with others. They take account of one another’s ideas about how to organise their activity. They show sensitivity and form positive relationships with adults and other children. Communication and Language – Involves giving children the opportunity to develop their confidence and skills. To give children the best opportunity for developing communication and language. Communication and Language is made up of these aspects: Listening and Attention – Children listen attentively in a range of situations. They listen to stories and respond to what they hear with relevant comments or questions. They give their attention to what others say and respond appropriately while engaged in another activity. Understanding – Children follow instructions involving several ideas or actions. They answer ‘how’ or ‘why’ questions about their experiences and in response to stories and events. Speaking – Children express themselves effectively. They use past, present and future forms accurately when talking about events that have happened or are to happen in the future. They develop their own narratives and explanations by connecting ideas or events. Physical Development – Involves providing opportunities for young children to be active and interactive, and to develop their co-ordination, control and movement. Children must also be helped to understand the importance of physical activity and to make healthy choices to food. Physical Development is made up of these aspects: Moving and Handling – Children show good control and co-ordination. They move confidently in a range of ways. They handle equipment and tools effectively, for example, pencils for writing and climbing equipment. Health and Self Care – Children know the importance for good health of physical exercise and a healthy diet and talk about ways to keep healthy and safe. They manage their own basic hygiene and personal needs including dressing and going to the toilet independently. The Specific Areas Literacy – Literacy development involves encouraging children to link sounds and letters and to begin to read and write. Children must be given access to a wide range of reading materials such as books to ignite their interests. Literacy Development is made up of these aspects: Reading – Children read and understand simple sentences. They use phonic knowledge to decode regular words and read them aloud accurately. They demonstrate understanding when talking with others about what they have read. Writing – Children use their phonic knowledge to write words in ways which match their spoken sounds. They write simple sentences which can be read by themselves and others. Practitioners could support writing skills by providing sand to promote writing. Mathematics – Involves providing children with opportunities to develop and improve their skills in counting, understanding and using numbers, calculating simple addition and subtraction problems and to describe shapes, spaces and measures. Mathematics is made up of these aspects: Numbers – Children count reliably from 1-20 place them in order and say which number is one more or one less than a given number. Using quantities and objects, they add and subtract two single digit numbers and count on or back to find the answer. Practitioners could supply building blocks and numbered jigsaws to help support this. Shape, Space and measures – Children use everyday language to talk about size, weight, distance, time and money to compare quantities and objects and to solve problems. They recognise, create and describe patterns. They explore characteristics of everyday objects and use mathematical language to describe them. Different sizes and shapes of building bricks and blocks could be used to promote this. Understanding the World – Involves guiding children to make sense of their physical world and their community through opportunities to explore, observe and find out about people, places, technology and the environment. Understanding the World is made up of these aspects: People and Communities – Children talk about past and present events in their own lives and family members. They know about similarities and differences between themselves and others and among families, communities and traditions. Practitioners could use pictures and photographs to display different cultures. The World – Children know about similarities and differences in relation to places, objects, material and living things. They talk about their own environment and how environments might vary from one another. Children will also develop an understanding to care for their environment. Practitioners should support this by getting children to care for plants or a small vegetable patch. Technology – Children recognise that a range of technology is used in places such as homes and schools. They select and use technology for particular purposes. Younger children use mechanical toys while older children could take, in turn, using a computer. Expressive Arts and Design – Involves enabling children to explore and play with a wide range of media and materials. This area supports children’s curiosity and play. They explore and share their thinking, ideas and feelings in music, in art, movement and dance, role play and technology. Expressive Arts and Design is made up of these aspects: Exploring and using Media and Materials – Children sing songs, make music and dance. They safely use and explore a variety of materials, tools and techniques experimenting with colour, design, texture, form and function. Practitioners could use tape recorders, cd players and musical instruments. Being imaginative – Children use what they have learnt about media and materials in original ways thinking about uses and purposes. They represent their own ideas, thoughts and feelings through design and technology, art, music, dance, role play and stories. Practitioners should provide a variety of role play materials and support children’s imaginative ideas. Children develop and learn in different ways. Practitioners need to look at what skills and knowledge the children are demonstrating and consider ways to support the child to strengthen and deepen their current learning and development skills. This will ensure that the individual needs of the child are met. There are 3 characteristics of effective learning to help us focus on and understand how children learn. Playing and Exploring Finding out and Exploring Using what they know in their play Being willing to have a go This characteristic of learning focuses on a children’s engagement with the resources they use, the environment they are in and the people around them. Children should have opportunities to be involved in open ended, hands on experiences prompted by their own curiosity. Children’s play experiences should enable them to seek things out that interest them, initiate activities, seek challenges, develop a ‘can do’ attitude, and be willing to take a risk in trying out new experiences and begin to see ‘failures’ as a learning opportunity. Play also provides the link to the areas of learning and development and gives the opportunity for children to explore their own feelings, views and ideas. Active Learning Being involved and Concentrating Keep Trying Enjoying and Achieving which they set out to do Active Learning focuses on the role of intrinsic motivation which supports long term success. Children need to be able to follow their interests for long periods of time, fully engaged in what they are doing and concentrating deeply. In their activities, children should be encouraged to face challenges and keep on trying if they encounter difficulties. Practitioners should help children to value the rewards of their own success. Creating and Thinking Critically Having their own ideas Using what they already know to learn new things Choosing ways to do things and finding new ways Creating and thinking critically highlights the importance of observing how children are thinking. Children have and develop their own ideas. Children should have many opportunities to be creative, generating new ideas, being inventive, finding problems and challenges and figuring out their own ways to solve them. By respecting children’s ideas will give them confidence to try out new experiences. Children from a very young age enjoy organising and processing information, creating patterns and making predictions based on what they already know. Children develop and learn in different ways. There is a great deal of overlap between the ages and stages because all children develop at different rates and at their own pace. This should be remembered when planning activities. Birth to 11 months – babies enjoy being held and cuddled. They enjoy the company of others. Practitioners should ensure that all staff are aware of the importance of attachment and to get staff to say ‘hello’ and ‘goodbye’ as this develops a secure and trusting relationship. Practitioners should plan to have one to one contact with babies and provide toys/objects to be sucked and squeezed and provide space to roll around and explore. 8 – 20 months – babies and young children will now start to build relationships with special people. They start to show an interest in activities so practitioners could provide push along toys and trikes for outdoor play. 16-26 months – children start to play alongside others and play co-operatively with a familiar adult. Practitioners could then play name games to get everyone to know each other. Plan play activities to get children to explore new toys and environments such as trikes, pushchairs for dolls, dough, sand and cd’s and story books. 22-36 months – children now show an interest with others and want to join in. Many form special friendships with others. Practitioners can provide resources that promote co-operation between two children like a bat and ball. Provide safe spaces so children can run around safely, kick a ball and use A frames. Practitioners can discuss with other staff how each child responds to activities and build on this to plan future activities. 30-50 months – children now play within a group and initiate play. Practitioners need to provide space and materials for group play, for example, lego. 40-60 months – Practitioners need to ensure that children have opportunities to play with everyone in the group and to provide activities that involve taking turns and sharing. Practitioners need to plan time and space for energetic play and plan activities where children can practice moving, throwing, climbing and kicking. Experiment different ways of moving.

Constitution Position Paper :: essays research papers

The falls of this country are due to the Articles of Confederation and a weak centralized government. To correct this, a strong national government will need to take its place. The majority of this delegation wishes to accept the Constitution as the new federal government of the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many good arguments were brought up during the proceedings such as William Paterson’s view of revising the Articles and proposing the union of the states as merely federal. Alexander Hamilton’s idea of a supreme executive serving during good behavior or life with veto power over all laws. Both of these were rejected. Paterson’s plan because there are too many faults with the Articles and Hamilton’s idea because it is too close to a form of monarchy. The most accepted idea was by Edmund Randolph and James Madison. In it they proposed the government be broken up into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial; and each branch to check and balance each other’s power. This centralized government would have the power to veto laws enacted by state legislatures. The majority of the delegates voted on a supreme power national government over the federations being an agreement resting on the good faith of its members.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The many problems in the Articles of Confederation that led us to throw it away rather than to amend it were its inability to tax, no national court system, no executive to enforce acts of Congress, lack of regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, amendments with consent of all states, and the fact that the articles are only a firm league of friendship that is non-binding. There are too many changes to me made to have the state legislatures vote on it. The result would be no changes for the legislatures stand to loose power. The only way that changes will be made if we start new.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many new issues came up with the Constitution and they were settled. The issue of legislation was fixed with a bicameral legislature with two houses where one is represented equally by each state is allotted two votes while the other is based on population. How slaves would be counted was settled where every five slaves counted as three persons.

Shellac 1000 Hurts

All good things come in threes. And so the albums of Shellac – the third one is a good thing. Since 1994, when the band was formed by Steve Albini with bassist Tom Weston and drummer Todd Trainer, â€Å"1000 Hurts† is the third album confirming the status of Shellac as an original, purposefully mean-spirited band.Albini, as some sort of an underground God, his band and their album did not need any promotion on the radio or TV, there were no interviews, no free copies for the press. 1000 Hurts is Shellac’s third and by far best album, which again and again let us enjoy Albini’s guitar pirouettes and his lunatic screaming voice, Trainer’s beating the hell out of his drums, and Weston’s unmatched bass tone.In this album one will find a number of new elements which were not heard from Shellac yet: the radio in â€Å"QRT†, Todd’s singing in â€Å"New Number One† or â€Å"Guitarsolo† in â€Å"Canaveral†. But as St eve Albini says: these all this new stuff was not planned, but this is something they just came up with accidentally. May be it is hard to believe that the two monsters of the music producing (Albini and Weston) did not plan anything to make this album really good in terms of commercial success of the album. But these guys do it for fun.What also makes this album different is the quality of the songwriting. It’s not a case of clinging to the verse chorus verse structure so much as an adherence to melody. â€Å"Song Against Itself† employs Shellac’s trademark meaty riffage, but it also incorporates its most melodic vocals yet. The riffs seem even more memorable this time- to the point where you would possibly hum them later. It is impossible to hum their older songs like â€Å"Doris† or â€Å"House Full Of Garbage†.The songwriting has polarized from the easily accessible rock and roll The songs on this album switch gears from straightforward 4/4 tim e rock to bizarre arrangements/time changes more quickly and at greater extremes than their past releases. To make the contrast even more blatant, the straightforward parts are very straightforward, and the crazy parts are even more crazy.The emotional content of lyrics has remained the same, just like Albini himself: mean and sarcastic. â€Å"Prayer To God† is an hysterical plea, in which Albini asks â€Å"the one true God above† to kill two people for him. The tone of his prayer is dripping with sarcasm but the point is simple enough: â€Å"her, she can go quietly by disease or a blow/to the base of her neck where her necklaces close/where her garments come together/where I used to lay my face/that’s where you ought to kill her/in that particular place.†The music rises to meet his anger. â€Å"Squirrel Song† is a â€Å"sad fucking song† that showcases Shellac’s incredible rhythmic precision. â€Å"Song Against Itself† starts out sounding almost as straightforward as pop punk, while â€Å"Mama Gina† starts with a dissonant melody being played over a slow rhythm section which then fades out to bass pulses and guitar beeps with Steve singing/talking about a woman who likes to dance.Shellac hasn’t lost an ounce of its brutality. Pounding rhythms, sharp but sparse guitars, and repetitive bass lines bust through the speakers with exquisite production. The songs and recording on 1000 Hurts don't deviate from the sound of their other releases so much as to shock the listener. The disk doesn't really break any new ground – like its predecessors, it's a collection of angular guitar lines, hypnotically repetitive rhythms, oddball time signatures, noise-rock squalls and twisted lyrics.Frankly, it's just nice to hear a record that you know was written without even the slightest thought for commercial potential, marketing or playlists. 1000 Hurts shows Shellac in prime form who seems to have real ized that 12-minute rock songs don't rock. This record's longest track, â€Å"Mama Gina,† clocks in at an appropriate 5:44, long enough to fully flesh out the song, but not so long that the groove gets tired.

Character of Lady Macbeth Essay

In the course of this essay I will discuss the character of Lady Macbeth and the change in her character throughout the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. We see her as being ambitious and ruthless at the start. Looking at her and Macbeths character she is the dominant one in the relationship. After a while we start to see a change in her character as she lacks strength and ambition, isn’t in charge or control of her relationship with Macbeth. She is being kept out of new plans in which Macbeth is making decisions alone. Firstly, Lady Macbeth appears in Act 1 Scene 5. She is in her and Macbeth’s castle. She receives a letter from Macbeth and reads it. In this letter, he is telling her about his encounter with the witches. â€Å"They met me in the day of success: And I have learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge.† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) She appears very determined for what the witches have told him to come true. She hopes the witches prophecy about Macbeth becoming King of Scotland will happen and then for her to be Queen. â€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou promised† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) We can see that Lady Macbeth is scared as she says that Macbeth is too kind and loyal to murder to become King. â€Å"Is too full o’ the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) Also, she talks about Macbeths strong sense of honour and how he’s not the type of man to lie or cheat. â€Å"Thou wouldst thou holily ; wouldst not play false.† (Act1 Scene 5 Lady Macbeth) Lady Macbeth doesn’t want to wait around for her Macbeth to become King to just happen. She wants Macbeth to kill his cousin, the recent King, Duncan, and also anyone else who tries to get in their way. She hopes Macbeth will come home soon so that she can convince him to do anything to become King. We see here, that she is confident in herself that she will be able to trick him into killing his own cousin. â€Å"Hie thee hither that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue† (Act1 Scene5 Lady Macbeth). A servant then comes to tell her that Macbeth and the other lords are on their way, and Duncan will be spending the night in their castle. Lady Macbeth, straight away, sees this as an opportunity to murder Duncan. She starts to call dark spirits upon her to take away her womanly kindness. â€Å"Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts unsex me here† ( Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth). When she finishes calling on the spirits, Macbeth arrives. Lady Macbeth tells him his letter has given hope for their future. She asks when Duncan is leaving and when Macbeth says in the morning, she says he’ll never see tomorrow. â€Å"O, never shall sun that morrow see.† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth – Macbeth). She then tells Macbeth her plan to kill Duncan. She tells Macbeth she will do all the planning. We also see, that Lady Macbeth is ruthless. She will let nothing get in her way of becoming Queen. It shows she is the dominant one in their relationship as she makes all the decisions and plans. We next see Lady Macbeth in Act1 Scene 6. All the lords, Macbeth, Duncan, his two sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, Banquo, Lennox, Macduff, Ross and Angus are all at Macbeth’s castle. Lady Macbeth arrives and greets Duncan. â€Å" All our service in every point twice done and then done double, were poor and single business to contend.† (Act1 Scene6, Lady Macbeth – Duncan). Duncan thanks her with a gratitude for letting him stay. He also apologises for the hassle he’s causing her. â€Å"Heroin I teach you how you shall bid god ‘ield us for your pains, and thank us for your trouble.† (Act 1 Scene 6, Duncan – Lady Macbeth) When Duncan meets Lady Macbeth he is humble and generous, thanking her for letting him stay, but he doesn’t know that she is planning to kill him. In this scene , lady Macbeth is seen as the perfect hostess. We see how well she can play casual and switch between high emotion and cool composure. In Act 1 Scene 7, we see her talking with Macbeth, in the castle. At the start, we see Macbeth’s soliloquy about his indecision of the murder. â€Å" If it were ‘tis done, then were well it were done quickly.† (Act 1 Scene 7) Lady Macbeth arrives and Macbeth tells her that he doesn’t want to go ahead with the murder. He has won honour on the battlefield and doesn’t want to kill an innocent. â€Å" We will proceed no further in this business, He hath honoured me of late, and I have bought gold en opinions from all sort of people.† (Act 1 Scene 7, Macbeth – Lady Macbeth). Lady Macbeth seems to be very unimpressed with what Macbeth has said. She then tricks him into continuing on with the murder as she questions his bravery. â€Å" With thou esteems’t the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem.† (Act 1 Scene 7, Lady Macbeth – Macbeth). What she says seem to work. Again in this scene, we see Lady Macbeth as the dominant one. She easily convinces him back into their plan to kill Duncan. Lady Macbeth waits in a chamber near Duncan’s bedroom. Macbeth goes off to murder Duncan. Lady Macbeth had got the chamberlains drunk so they wouldn’t see any of the murder. Lady Macbeth says that the chamberlains make a joke of their jobs by falling asleep. â€Å"Do mock their charge with snores, I have dragged their possets.† (Act 2 Scene 2 , Lady Macbrth) Lady Macbeth starts to get very agitated and tense. We first see this when she hears an owl. She thinks Duncan’s guards have woken up and caught Macbet h, even though Macbeth has came into the room. â€Å"My father as he slept, I have done’t- My husband!† (Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) Macbeth had brought the daggers back with him, the one he killed Duncan, Lady Macbeth sees them and panics. â€Å" Why did you bring these daggers from the place?† (Act 2 Scene 2 , Lady Macbeth – Macbeth). Lady Macbeth has to bring them back to bring them back to the chamber. When she comes back she tells Macbeth that they need to hurry to their bedroom so they don’t get caught. â€Å"I hear a knocking at the south entry, retire we to our chamber.† (Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) As Macduff enters to awake Duncan in this scene, he discovers that Duncan is murdered. Lady Macbeth enters after hearing the bell ringing. She asks what is happening. â€Å" What’s the business, that such a hideous trumper.† (Act 1 Scene 3, Lady Macbeth – Macduff). Macduff doesn’t want to tell Lady Macbeth what happened , as he thinks she won’t cope . â€Å"O , gentle lady, tis not for you to hear what I can speak† (Act â€Å" Scene 3, Macduff – Lady Macbeth). Lady Macbeth response doesn’t sound very convincing as she replies. â€Å"What, in our house?† (Act 2 Scene 3, Lady Macbeth – Macduff) When Lady Macbeth says he has murdered the chamberlains, Lady Macbeth faints. We don’t know if she’s acting here or being serious. We see irony in this scene, as she is behind the murder but acts as she knows nothing. Lady Macbeth is in the palace and is talking with a servant. She asks the servant if Banquo has left the castle. He tells her that Banquo will be back in the evening. She then tells the servant to ask Macbeth to meet with her as she wants to talk. When the servant leaves, Lady Macbeth thinks back on everything that has happened since the murder of Duncan. â€Å"Nought’s had, all’s spent, where our desire got without content.† (Act 3 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) In this scene, we see Lady Macbeth as alone. Becoming king and queen, her and Macbeth lost everything. She now appears to be isolated from her husband. All she can do now is gain access to Macbeth by means of a formal request.

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example Interpersonal Communication Essay Interpersonal Communication Essay Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication is an important issue in the social aspect dealing with the different forms of association with other individuals. The said process may involve varying number of individuals but the most important component is the exchange of responses regardless of the nature such as positive and negative. When it comes to the said issue, it is important to consider different factors. The important factors that are needed to be considered in the study of interpersonal relationships include the ways and methods of expression, the types of interpersonal interaction and even the results. These are included in the issues that are essential in the discussion of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal relationship can vary from a professional relationship in the workplace and the academe to personal relationship such the family, friendship and the relationship between man and woman. In the movie, When Harry Met Sally, an important area of interpersonal communication was the main focus which is the interaction between the female and the male population. There are significant views presented by the movie regarding the interpersonal communication between a man and a woman. The main objective is to be able to present an analysis of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the film. I. The basic differences between Harry and Sally (and their friends, if applicable) regarding their nonverbal behavior, nurturance and empathy, friendship, conflict and power. The characters of the movie represent the varying behaviors of the human beings in terms of the interaction with one another. Interpersonal communication can be assessed through the verbal and the non-verbal stimuli and indications. In terms of the non-verbal behaviors of the characters in the film, certain groups of personalities are represented. Harry is the representation of the population who are either different due to their personal beliefs or wanted to be different, thus, they tend to adopt behaviors that are out of the conventional. Being anti-social at some degree, Harry believed that he is different which also make him opinionated about different issues. Oftentimes he perceived that his views on different situations are the standards that should be taken. He can also be described a rebel in his beliefs. Sally on the other hand, can be considered as the representation of the people with structures lifestyle and those that follow the conventional norms. Thus, she is relaxed in conveying what she wants in every details and aspects in her life. She can communicate verbally which can be considered to lessen the need for non-verbal communication. In terms of nurturance and empathy, both of the main characters have the capability to nurture and empathize although they had the difficulties to express these interactions, the years of friendship after the long years of not understanding each other can be considered an important notion in interpersonal communication. Two very different persons had achieved a level of relationship, both friendship and love, that make them understand each other. This relationship of nurturance and empathy can be considered to be essential and vital, since it was able to transcend the personal differences. The story also depicts the complicated interaction between a man and a woman that can be vaguely defined from friendship to the verge of love. This can be considered as the main issue of the story between Harry and Sally, the success or failure of friendship due to the inevitable attraction between man and woman. The main issue specifically being the incapability of the opposite sexes to be friends since the issue of sex lurks with capability to break the friendship or raise the level of relationship to a higher note of human interaction. When the differences of the sexes are defined, commonly there is a conflict in terms of power and other aspects. Varying beliefs in the strengths of the male and the female population can be perceived. These differences were presented through the unfolding of the plot of the movie. Although stereotypical knowledge commonly depicts the physical superiority of the male over the female population and emotional prowess and understanding can be attributed to the female population, there can never be a general rule. II. The different ways that men and women communicate There are varying ways and methods that men and women communicate. The movie deals with the fact that men and women can never be really friends. This can be considered on the basis that attraction can never be ignored, that it is inevitable. This is the main belief of the main character. In the end, some of the view that he considered true really happened. This is due to the fact that friendship can be considered as an intimate relationship. A view that friendship between a man and a woman can be comparable to an intimate relationship is due to the fact that there is commitment. For that matter interpersonal communication and relationship between the two sexes can inevitably lead to another level. Friendship can be considered as one of the most intimate relationship next to love. The possibility of being in a man-woman relationship between friends of the opposite sexes can inevitably be considered. This can be attributed to the fact that the film deals on the attraction in between a man and a woman who initially dislike each other but found attraction as they had learned to understand and empathize each other. [1] There are different ways that a man and a woman can communicate. Due to the fact that interpersonal communication can be classified on the basis of the interaction between same or opposite gender, varying through other factors such as age, culture and the environment wherein they had been raised, determining the classification is a challenge. But a man and a woman can be friends and even a couple. The ways of interpersonal relationship is complicated and complex that it cannot be defined in simple terms. The interaction of the main characters in the film depicts the different ways communication. During the first part, they are opposing each other. The antagonistic communication is one type interpersonal communication. In this type of interaction, the two sides have different ideas and find it hard to empathize with each other. Another type of interaction can be that wherein both parties find it unnecessary to communicate with each other due to lack of common ideas and similarities. Although such interactions are present, there are also other forms that can be considered as positive. These types of relationships and communications are of deeper commitment and interaction. This is where friendship and man-woman relationship can be classified. Another relation that can be considered in this group is that of the relationship for family members. The ways of communication can be considered positive. Verbal and non-verbal communications are also considered as the important ways of communication in the interpersonal level. These two types can be considered as essential to be able to establish relationship and interaction in the society. The verbal communication can be considered as a way of explicit interaction and expression to be able to convey the message to the other party. Men and women can be considered to have different strengths and methods of communication. Thus, its can be a challenge to determine the real message that is needed to be communicated. This can be considered as one of the hindrance in interpersonal communication. Another is the personal differences which can be considered as a challenge in communication and understanding. [2] Another way of communication between the male and the female is through the non verbal indications. According the cliche, actions speaks louder than voice the non-verbal communication can be more effective in expression of deep feelings. Men can be considered to be better in communication through the non-verbal ways, but this cannot be considered as a general rule. Although non-verbal communication is an important method to be able to achieve interpersonal communication and interaction, misunderstanding can be a common scenario. It is important then to consider that the integration of the verbal and the non-verbal ways of communication should be applied to be able to achieve the understanding that is the primary role of the interpersonal communication. III. What about role expectations, and how does this concept apply to the characters on a social and cultural level? On the basis of communication then, there are different expectations between the sexes with regards to the roles that they can undertake in the communication process. Based on the stereotypical standards of the society, the women can express their emotions better through the verbal communication. This can be considered due to the diplomacy and understanding exhibited by the mother in her interaction with the family and other members of the community. Due to the said perception, even in the roles taken by the female in the different aspects of the society, may it be political, religious, etc. the skill to communicate verbally and understand is one of the main focus in considering a woman for the role. On the other hand, due to the perception that the man is the strength of the society, as depicted in the role of the father to support the family, the male members of the population is considered to have the capability to better communicate through the non-verbal ways of communication. IV. What roles perception and stereotypes play in the communication between the characters? In the movie, the differences in the sexes and their perceptions were conveyed. Also some of the stereotypical behaviors of a male and a female were portrayed. The guy being a womanizer is also another stereotype in the story. On the other hand the woman is more family oriented which is the typical characteristic of the females. There are also important behaviors in the world with the differences between the male and the female that the film presented. One is regarding the state of relationships. The movie presented different scenarios wherein a long term and strong relationship can be achieved in different ways, most important of which is to be able to transcend the differences of the male and the female. Another important concept presented is the importance to being with a person for a long period of time to be able to gain a level of harmonious relationship. In the film, the interpersonal relationship of Harry and Sally developed from two people despising each other to being friends. Once they got to know each other better, they were able to understand and empathize. Friendship then was established, a comfortable and mutually beneficial one, for they can exclusively support each other. Due to the fact that they do everything together the friendship developed into a more intimate relationship. V. Do you think that men and women can stay friends without the `sex part` getting in the way? And why? There is a complex interaction of the different interpersonal communication factors that decide the relationship between individuals. In the case of friendship between male and female individuals, attraction can be considered inevitable. This can also be magnified by the fact that they can consider the other person as the only one that they can comfortable confiding their problems and every details of their life. For that matter, friendship becomes very important. Due to the perspective of friendship, there are those who approve and whose that disapprove developing friendship to another level, thus, they consider that man and woman cannot stay are friends. A more important view though is related to the attraction between the male and female. The attraction between the two sexes can be considered as the main reason that can hinder friendship. It is based on the perspective of the person. In relation to the fact that ‘sex part’ can be considered as a hindrance in friendship it can be considered true since as presented, the attraction between man and woman is inevitable. But there are other factors that should be considered. These factors also involve different forms of interpersonal relationship. VI. Does friendship strengthen the relationship of a man and a woman once they become a couple? Interpersonal relationship can be considered as a complicated process in the human interaction. But friendship according to those who experienced it, can attest to the fact that once the man-woman relationship is achieved, friendship strengthens the bond. The movie depicts the fact that sexual interaction can interfere but in the case of the couples who had been together through the adult years, friendship and deep understanding can be considered as the main framework of the relationship. Conclusion In the study that was conducted regarding interpersonal relationship and the scenarios presented in the film â€Å"When Harry Met Sally,† the fact that relationships with other people is a complex process. The most complicated of these relationships is that between a man and a woman. Due to their differences, they tend to be curious and attracted to each other. But they will soon learn that the opposite sex whom they found really different is in fact a complimentary half. A deeper relationship can then be developed towards friendship and even lifetime partnership. The query on the possibility of friendships between the sexes without considering attraction can be considered less important to the fact that through different levels of interpersonal communication between men and women, a deep understanding can be acquired. Reference Conville, Richard and L. Edna Rogers, eds. The Meaning of Relationship in Interpersonal Communication. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. [1] Richard Conville and L. Edna Rogers, eds. The Meaning of Relationship in Interpersonal Communication. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998). [2] Richard Conville and L. Edna Rogers, eds. The Meaning of Relationship in Interpersonal Communication. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998).

Marilyn Monroes life, focusing mainly on her marriage to playwright Arthur Miller

Marilyn Monroes life, focusing mainly on her marriage to playwright Arthur Miller Norma Jeane Mortenson was born on the first of June, 1926, in the charity ward of the Los Angeles General Hospital to Gladys Baker. Due to the identity of her father being undetermined, she was later baptized Norma Jeane Baker. Most of the childhood of Norma Jeane was spent in foster homes and orphanages since her mother had psychological problems that eventually led to her becoming committed to a mental institution.In 1937, Norma Jeane was taken-in by family friend, Grace McKee Goddard. However, in 1942, Grace's husband was transferred to the East Coast and were financially forced to leave Norma Jeane behind. Norma Jeane was now faced with two options: return to the orphanage or get married.On June 19, 1942, at the age of sixteen, Norma Jeane wed her 21-year-old neighbor and good friend, Jim Dougherty. Unfortunately, Jim joined the Merchant Marines and in 1944, was sent to the South Pacific.U.S. army - June 26, 1945 YANK magazine photo (col...Now that Jim was away, Norma Jeane began feeling lonely so she started working on the assembly line at the Radio Plane Munitions factory in Burbank, California.Norma Jeane had always dreamt of being in the spotlight and it appeared to her that this was about to come true. A photographer, David Conover, took pictures of her for Yank magazine and then began sending modeling jobs her way. Within two years, Norma Jeane was a reputable model and had her face on the covers of numerous popular magazines. She studied the work of legendary actresses and enrolled in drama classes to follow her dreams of stardom.However, in 1946, Norma Jeane had to choose between her marriage to Jim (he wanted her to settle down and be a housewife) and pursuing her career. Norma Jeane divorced Jim Dougherty in June of 1946 and signed her first contract...

Marketing solving problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing solving problems - Essay Example 267). Most of the new products introduced into the market constantly face stiff competition from the related products. In this context, the â€Å"sinking† grocery store should constitute a credible marketing mix for its existing and newly introduced commodities. Basically, organisations should establish, ratify, and embrace a considerable promotional mix when marketing their products (Banhegyi 2008, p. 236). Contextually, the concerned products should be sold at a considerable price based on its quality and other pricing provisions. The grocery store sells diverse kinds of foods from various places as well as cultures, it basically sell them again to customers. Appropriate marketing will obviously help in this context. The concerned commodities should be distributed to the right places and at the right time. All these are should be done using the most appropriate method of promotion or any other viable means of advertisement. For the grocery to generate an appropriate and practical marketing mix, its products must be of high quality, nutritious, and be appealing to consumers (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel 2011, p. 78). The prices of the products must be affordable and right to the customers (value for money). Accordingly, the grocery store should recognize and satisfy its consumers’ demands. Additionally, the product usage, nutrition, and variety should be taken into consideration. The store should diversify its product areas ranging from fruits to fresh vegetable, snack food and sandwiches among others. The appearance and the perception of the consumers are also necessary when the grocery store is trying to introduce a new product to the market. The name, colour, and size of the product should be carefully established to ensure that it satisfies the customer’s demands. For the grocery store to obtain increased sales of

Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Report - Essay Example As such, in terms of the organization of the paper, a summary of each section will be provided followed by the views of the reviewer. Major section headings are typed in bold type while sub-section are typed normally. Though not explicitly stated, one can infer the purpose of the research. It is to develop an open-book accounting (OBA) framework that is organized according to the various uses of OBA and employed by practitioners of supply chain management as an implementation tool(Hoffjan , et al., 2011). This purpose is informed by the fact that very little is known of the relevance of OBA in competitive business environments that are normally punctuated by relationships of cooperation and trust between organizations and their suppliers and consumers. In terms of the research process, this section appears misplaced. It shows no connection to the literature review which should be the starting point and basis of the entire research process(Meerwald, 2013). Literature review is the backbone of the research process(Tight, 2013). It is from the review of literature that the researcher identifies the gap in knowledge that they then set out to fill through research. Literature review is accomplished at two levels. The first level gives a broad overview of the subject matter of the research while the second level examines past similar research. Usually, at the end of their research report, the researcher will list data gaps and recommend that further research be conducted to fill these gaps. To this end, Andreas Hoffjan and company have ably demonstrated the existence of a knowledge gap. Past studies on OBA have tended to focus on the functions and consequences of OBA. However, very little is known of the practical applications of OBA. Again, while the research problem is not directly stated, one can infer it from the research paper. While much research has been conducted on OBA, not much attention has been paid to its practical applications to supply chain

Can any organisation learn to be inovative Essay

Can any organisation learn to be inovative - Essay Example These significant changes are led the impact of the globalisation which has also encouraged the technological expertise and innovation. In fact, globalisation and innovation are closely related with other. â€Å"Globalisation can be viewed as the outcome of processes of imitation and adaptation of innovation† (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005, p.108). Trade and business is the most of the important area that has been heavily influenced by globalisation. Globalization has been a boon for the trade and commerce as it has provided a vast opportunity to entire business world. However, it has also led to intensify the global competiveness as majority of the economies encourage the international trade by imposing free trade policies. Hope and Maeleng have defined the free trade policy as a â€Å"competition enhancing device† (Hope and Maeleng, 1998, p.61). In such competitive environments, the business organisations are trying to gain sustainable c ompetitive advantage, and in this course, innovation is the one of the most key factors. For example, Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt has identified that new product development is highly correlated with the market share and innovative attempts is the core essence of a new product development (Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt, 2005, p.5). The level of innovation generally depends on the size and types of industry. For example, technological innovation is more prominent in automotive industry rather than apparel industry. However, innovation can be termed from the technological perspective but it can be also defined from the management strategic perspective. On the other hand, there are certain requirements that must be met for incorporating innovation and these requirements are external as well as internal environments. This paper wills attempt to present analysis and discussion on the multiple aspect of innovation required in an organisation. The primary focus will on the multiple factors that mu st considered while incorporating the innovation within an organization. Hence, certain popular theories and models on innovation will be explained in order to understand the basics of innovation. In order to meet the primary objective of this paper, the identification of drivers and barriers of innovation will be analysed. Finally, the entire discussions and analyses will be summed up in the conclusion. 2. Theoretical Background regarding Innovation Innovation has been a popular area of study and many scholars and academics have tried to offered and explain their views to present the multiple aspects of innovation. They have realized the increasing importance of innovation in every aspect of human activities especially for the commercial purposes, and hence their theories are essential for the organisation seeking to develop an innovative business model and organisational culture. Incorporating an innovation within an organisation is a long process and number of factors must be ali gned as per the prevailing condition. At presents, the business organisation is continuously trying to improve their overall business model and operating activities by incorporating innovations in their organisation. The innovation used by them â€Å"can range from straightforward cost reduction measures to completely re-designing the business†

Basic Principles of Humanitarian Law Research Paper

Basic Principles of Humanitarian Law - Research Paper Example Given that the main research questions are; what are the common, basic humanitarian law principles and to what extent these principles are observed, the essay discusses the basic principles of humanitarian law. In humanitarian law, there are basic principles such as military necessity. Military necessity is a principle which should be observed to ensure that aid reaches those who require it, by engaging military officers to perform the function (McCormack and McDonald 6). This is because military officers are trained to address humanitarian issues even in very dangerous circumstances. They have undergone training on saving lives, protecting themselves and protecting and assisting needy victims of war or other calamities. Another humanitarian law principle is that of limited warfare, which restricts the extent to which military becomes essential so as to achieve the military objectives. Therefore, based on various circumstances, military necessity has various contours which are circumstance specific (Fleck and Bothe 123). Limited warfare entails the prohibition of warfare methods which lead to long-term, widespread and severe damages to the environment (Fleck and Bothe 124). There is also the principle of distinction which requires that there should be an appropriate distinction between activities that prevent or accelerate the war effort (McCormack and McDonald 6). Distinction requires that there should be a determination of prioritizing so that aid reaches only legitimate beneficiaries so that it does not contribute to the war effort. The principle of humanity is also a humanitarian law principle. Torture and assassinations should be prohibited. Unnecessary suffering should be limited, as much as possible (McCormack and McDonald 7).  

Managerial Support Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Managerial Support Systems - Assignment Example e process of classifying people into groups that have some set of characteristics, resulting in the ability to be studied and targeted† (Xtremeimpark, 2009). Multinational corporations utilize consumer segmentation to determine the demand of its products by dividing consumer markets by geographical location. One of the reasons for geographical segmentation is because people from different cultures have different purchasing behaviors. McDonalds is the largest fast food chain in the world. Its hamburgers are a product that sells well in most parts of the world. Despite this fact the company has found it hard to penetrate the India marketplace because the majority of its population visualizes the cow as a sacred animal. Another variable that is often used for consumer segmentation is income. Marketplaces with populations that have higher income are attractive due to the fact that higher income means the customers have greater purchasing

English as a Second Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English as a Second Language - Essay Example y appear that George merely tolerates the existence on Lennie, a closer reading shows that George cares deeply for Lennie and wants to make sure that no harm comes to his friend. This makes the character very memorable as he loves his friend deeply even though his friends often lands them both in trouble and even though his friend’s actions and words are quite often very strange indeed. Despite his need and his desire to protect Lennie, George finds that he is not able to be the protective friend he wants to be. Since Lennie is essentially a misfit in his surroundings, it is George who has to fend for him in many ways including their search for a better life and their hopes of eventually owning their own farm. However, George realizes that the world is not very forgiving when it comes to dealing with people who are not as smart or not as able as George. Lennie’s simplicity leads him into trouble and eventually causes him to commit homicide and there is nothing which George can do to protect him from those who come to kill Lennie. In fact, when the time comes and George finds that he has no way to save Lennie from the world, he has to make a decision and give Lennie a quick death from his own hand rather than wait for the mob to come and kill Lennie. George shows that he had the ability to make the right decision and saves Lennie from a horrible death even if that meant killing Lennie on his own. This is certain to rouse very strong emotions from the reader and no doubt many readers would have to wonder what they would have done had they been in the same situation as George. Therefore, it is easy to conclude that the character of George is not only the hero of the story, but he also shows signs of personal growth and development to the point that he has to kill his best friend and realize that his dreams of being successful in life with his own measures may never come to light. Rather than take anything away from the character, I feel that this gives the

Basic Principles of Humanitarian Law Research Paper

Basic Principles of Humanitarian Law - Research Paper Example Given that the main research questions are; what are the common, basic humanitarian law principles and to what extent these principles are observed, the essay discusses the basic principles of humanitarian law. In humanitarian law, there are basic principles such as military necessity. Military necessity is a principle which should be observed to ensure that aid reaches those who require it, by engaging military officers to perform the function (McCormack and McDonald 6). This is because military officers are trained to address humanitarian issues even in very dangerous circumstances. They have undergone training on saving lives, protecting themselves and protecting and assisting needy victims of war or other calamities. Another humanitarian law principle is that of limited warfare, which restricts the extent to which military becomes essential so as to achieve the military objectives. Therefore, based on various circumstances, military necessity has various contours which are circumstance specific (Fleck and Bothe 123). Limited warfare entails the prohibition of warfare methods which lead to long-term, widespread and severe damages to the environment (Fleck and Bothe 124). There is also the principle of distinction which requires that there should be an appropriate distinction between activities that prevent or accelerate the war effort (McCormack and McDonald 6). Distinction requires that there should be a determination of prioritizing so that aid reaches only legitimate beneficiaries so that it does not contribute to the war effort. The principle of humanity is also a humanitarian law principle. Torture and assassinations should be prohibited. Unnecessary suffering should be limited, as much as possible (McCormack and McDonald 7).  

English as a Second Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English as a Second Language - Essay Example y appear that George merely tolerates the existence on Lennie, a closer reading shows that George cares deeply for Lennie and wants to make sure that no harm comes to his friend. This makes the character very memorable as he loves his friend deeply even though his friends often lands them both in trouble and even though his friend’s actions and words are quite often very strange indeed. Despite his need and his desire to protect Lennie, George finds that he is not able to be the protective friend he wants to be. Since Lennie is essentially a misfit in his surroundings, it is George who has to fend for him in many ways including their search for a better life and their hopes of eventually owning their own farm. However, George realizes that the world is not very forgiving when it comes to dealing with people who are not as smart or not as able as George. Lennie’s simplicity leads him into trouble and eventually causes him to commit homicide and there is nothing which George can do to protect him from those who come to kill Lennie. In fact, when the time comes and George finds that he has no way to save Lennie from the world, he has to make a decision and give Lennie a quick death from his own hand rather than wait for the mob to come and kill Lennie. George shows that he had the ability to make the right decision and saves Lennie from a horrible death even if that meant killing Lennie on his own. This is certain to rouse very strong emotions from the reader and no doubt many readers would have to wonder what they would have done had they been in the same situation as George. Therefore, it is easy to conclude that the character of George is not only the hero of the story, but he also shows signs of personal growth and development to the point that he has to kill his best friend and realize that his dreams of being successful in life with his own measures may never come to light. Rather than take anything away from the character, I feel that this gives the

Capital Budget Essay Example for Free

Capital Budget Essay Looking at River County plan for several capital acquisitions for the coming year which include the purchase of two new garbage trucks at $150,000 each, one new bulldozer at $240,000, three new riding lawn mowers at $16,000 each, and construction of an activity center in the part for $650,000. The expected lifetime of the various capital items is 10 years for the garbage trucks, 8 years for the bulldozer, 5 years for the lawn mowers, and 40 years for the activity center. Due to the current credit rating of River County, River County was approved for a 6% interest rate on all vehicles and lawn mowers, and a 3% interest on the activity center. The total cost to finance both garbage trucks for one year is $20,380.19 and the total cost is $203,801.90 for 10 years. The yearly cost to finance the bulldozer is $38,648.63 and the total cost is $309,189.04 for 8 years. The total cost of financing all three lawn mowers for a year is $11,395.03 and the total cost for 5 years is $56,975.15. The yearly cost to finance the activity center is $28,120.55 and the total cost is $1,124,822.22 for 40 years. The total cost for the capital budget from year 1 to year 5 will be $126,664.95. The total budget cost from year 6 to year 8 will $115,269.92 and from year 9 to 10 $76,621.29. From year 10 unto year 40, the budget would be $28,120.55 for the activity center. However, River County would pay off the lawn movers in 5 years, bulldozer in 8 years, and garbage trucks in 10 years the issue of depreciation stills needs to be addressed. The current value of the equipment would need to be appraised to determine if it is still operational according to River County standards, or do the equipment need to be replaced. If River County decides to replace the equipment then the revenue from the savage would be used to re-invest in to new equipment and the capital budget would be updated. With the current River County budget the tax revenues received from the county would be more than sufficient, but if there is a budget short fall, River County could issue 5 year municipal bonds to cover the cost. Reference: Finkler, S.A. (2010). Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Martinson, O. B. (2002). A look at cost accounting in the service industry and the federal government.The Journal of Government Financial Management, 51(1), 18-25. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/222373894?accountid=32521 Rodriguez, J. F. (1994). Sound principles: New adaptations. The Government Accountants Journal, 43(3),35. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/222431343?accountid=32521

Search Theory in Employment Scenario

Search Theory in Employment Scenario Introduction There have been changes in technology over years with people appreciating and embracing the technological changes. This has been witnessed even in the job search sector with most jobs advertised online. The use of internet has not only made the work easier but issued an efficient and effective platform for job search. Job websites like Monster.com has enabled many to get information in relation to vacancies. This has made them apply and in the process develop their careers in an easier manner. The Search Theory supports the notion that information availability helps in the reduction of frictional unemployment among workers (Alper et al., 2013). According to Stevenson (2008), the use of internet has enabled workers to change jobs without huge unemployment spell. Based in these two readings, job search using internet is improving today’s workers prospects when it comes to employment.6 Search Theory This theory is about sellers and buyer who struggle to find a partner in commerce at the spot. The theory specifically aims in finding the optimal strategy when choosing from several opportunities. The assumption made in the choosing is that there is a cost related to not making the decision. The search theory helps in the identification of the balance between cost and value. The cost is in relation to delay while the value is as per the act of trying again (Alper et al., 2013). Application of Search Theory in Employment Scenario This is one of the most influential theories in the economics field as to date. This theory is normally used in the economics of labor to study unemployment and factors related to it. The kind of employment studied is normally those caused by the employees seeking jobs that they desire more. The theory holds that desirability of a given occupation depends on the values of the available alternatives minus the undesired act that is associated with the hunt. That is, Occupation Desirabity = Alternatives Value- Hunting Undesirability This simply means that the desire of a given occupation depends on the value of the alternative jobs and the undesired to hunt the jobs (Alper et al., 2013). The use of internet in the job search has improved the desire when it comes to occupations. This is because of the fact that it has improved the information in relation to the alternatives in the market. Internet also has reduced the undesirability that is related to job search. Internet is a friendly method that is cost effective and reliable making people to desire its use (Alper et al., 2013). Employment Prospect Improvement First, it allows the employee to search for the known distribution of the vacancies. The known distribution vacancies are the job vacancies that one is aware of their existence. The information in relation to their existence can be from a friend, colleague or print material. The use of internet will increase the chances of employment since it will provide additional information in relation to the vacancy. The information can be in terms of how to apply for the job or the requirements that needed for application or the qualifications (Autor, 2001). According to Jansen, Jansen, Spink (2005), the use of internet can improve the employee’s employment prospect enabling the search for ‘unknown jobs’. This gives us the second point of this section which is searching for the unknown vacancies. ‘Unknown jobs’ are the jobs that one didn’t know of their existence thus could look no information in relations to it. This is normally done through random search in the job advert sites and sees if there are any relevant jobs. The ‘unknown job search’ can also be done trough random access to websites or other sections including sending emails o friends and social media. Internet job search allows for the search of jobs in a randomized manner (Glover, 2009). Jobs are always posted in a daily basis in the job sites thus making it important for randomized job search in these sites. This increases the chances that the employee will get a better job or develop his or her career to the better. The last point in this sector will be that internet job search can enable one to get a better job. The changes can be in terms of increased payment, increased benefits, higher or the change of environments. Using internet to search for jobs can enable one learn if the place they work at is really to the standard. If not, one can take the action of going to the better place or occupation or industry. Getting a better job normally comes with satisfaction and thus one values him or herself which is the main reason for career development (Holzer, 1996). According to Windleton and Five O’clock Club, people do go to internet so as to see that they access and apply to better jobs or positions. This is from the fact that in the market there are different ranges of salaries that are offered. These regions may be divided into the sections of government, non- government and private organizations. Similarly, the requirements needed in a given position may differ in terms of level of compe tence, experience or qualification. The Internet and Job Search by Stevenson Majority of the people who use internet when searching for jobs normally get employed in the relevant sectors they want to (Stevenson, 2008). These employment sectors have also made it clear that the internet is the way to go since this are the areas that they advertise jobs. Internet has enabled the employees to identify and shift from job to job in an easy way. There are several ways to which this improves the employee’s employment prospects; these are discussed below. Employment Prospect Improvement First prospect is that the internet offers job options to the employee without looking for in several sources. The internet allows the employee to get access in relation to the vacancies at the sitting position. This makes the employee to not waste time walking or engaging in activities as he or she looks for vacancies. As any other source of media, the fact that it informs the employee is an act of awareness creation. This makes the employee informed of the surrounding and the job vacancies that are related to his or her career. Most of the employers have shifted and advertises their jobs online thus one can only access the information through use of internet. Employers also have shifted their mentality and prefer the use of emails when it comes to job application. This ensures that the application gets to the relevant authority in a short span of time. Email use for job application also helps in the ensuring reliability of the means (Green, 2010). Secondly, use of internet in job search shows that the employee is up to date with the changes in technology. Dynamicity of the work places is a reality and the employees prefer potential employers or employers to be able to use these technologies. For example, a marketing firm that uses online as a strategy of marketing will only prefer sales person who know how to use the internet (Onah and Nigeria, 1994). The fact that most people are educated and have similar qualification makes it relevant to appreciate an additional skill. This means that those with the information in relation to internet use have higher employment chances that those who don’t. Thirdly, the use of internet in job search is cheaper compare to other means thus cost effective. Internet use can be in a bus, at a place of work, in the garden or any other place. This allows the act of multi tasking thus saving time. Using internet to search for jobs allows one to look for a job without making frictions with the present employer. This is because the employee will look for the jobs while at the office in the free moments between the working hours. This develops the career of the employee at the place of work. The same time it makes the employee aware of the greener pastures and their availability (Bellante and Jackson, 1983). Fourthly, the use of internet for job search improves the employment prospect of an individual through increasing the engagement frequency. The internet allows for the employee to engage as much as he or she wants with the site as he or she search for jobs. This freedom of engagement makes the use of internet in job search become flexible. With flexibility, internet then turns to be the best choice since one can refer to a site as many times as he or she wants. The fifth point will be in terms of reliability of the internet in job search. Most organizations normally make their advertisements in the website so that makes it appropriate for one to search jobs in the website (Keifer and Neumann, 1979). Even the adverts that are normally in the print source are first put in the website before getting them to the print media. This makes the employee therefore to get first hand information. Reliability of the use of internet also goes together with its accessibility compared to other means . This makes accessibility the sixth point: since the internet can be used in 24 hours, no matter the place, it is more accessible. Accessibility of the internet makes it more effective and efficient since time is not wasted. The seventh point is that internet job search equips the employee with the information in relation to job characteristics. Internet job search enables one to know the culture of the firm thus able to see if he or she can fit. This is through the information that is normally given in the organizations website. The eighth point is that internet job search enable creation of personal network. This is normally done through the platforms like LinkedIn among others. Through these networks the employees can know what to expect in the organization in terms of salary and also the environment (Green, 2010). Conclusion The Search Theory has three points that supports that internet job search improves the employees of today prospects. The work by Stevenson (Dissertation) also gives more than seven points as evidence of the same. Using this two works, it is therefore clear that the use of internet in job search in this era increases the prospect of the employees. Work Cited Alpern, S., In Fokkink, R., In GaÃÅ'Â ¨sieniec, L., In Lindelauf, R., In Subrahmanian, V. S. (2013).Search theory: A game theoretic perspective. New York, NY: Springer. Stevenson B. (2008). The Internet and Job Search (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge. (Order No. 13886) Green, L. (2010).The internet: An introduction to new media. Oxford: Berg. Keifer, N., Neumann, G. (1979). An Empirical Job Search Model, with a Test of Constant Reservation Wage Hypothesis. Journal of Political Economy, 87 (1), 89-107 Bellante, D. and Jackson, M. ( 1983). Labor Economics: Choices in Labor Markets. New York: McGraw- Hill Autor, A. (2001). Writing the Labor Market. Journal of Economic Prospect, 15 (1), 25-40. Jansen, B., Jansen, K., Spink, A. (2005) Using the Web to Look for Work: Implication of Online Job Seeking and Recruiting. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 15(1), 49- 66. Holzer, H. (1996). What Employees Want: Job Prospects for Less- Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Glover, C. (2009).How to Use the Internet to Get Your Next Job. Atlanta: Atlantic Pub Co. Wendleton, K., Five OClock Club (New York, N.Y.). (2014).Shortcut your job search: Get meetings that get you the job. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Onah, F. E., Nigeria. (1994).Employment prospects and training needs for self-employment in Nigeria. Lagos: National Manpower Board.

Death in The Dream of the Rood Essay -- Old English Literature Christ

Death in The Dream of the Rood The crucifixion of Christ is treated differently within the bodies of Old English and Middle English literature. The values of each era's society are superimposed on the descriptions of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross. Christ is depicted either as the model of the hero, prevalent in Old English literature, or as the embodiment of love and passion, as found in Showings by Julian of Norwich. Old English literature establishes the elements of the heroic code, to which its society ascribed. A man must live, or die, by his honor. In The Dream of the Rood the crucifixion of Christ is depicted as the ultimate symbol of heroism, as all mankind bewailed Christ's death and prepared a gilt cross for him. "This was surely no felon's gallows, but holy spirits beheld it there, men upon earth, and all this glorious creation. Wonderful was the triumph-tree, and I stained with sins, wounded with wrongdoings. I saw the tree of glory shine splendidly, adorned with garments, decked with gold, jewels had worthily covered Christ's tree." (Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Ed., p. 19) Christ is not rendered as a figure of pathos. Christ is identified with the other glorious warriors of Anglo-Saxon times, such as Beowulf, in this rendering of the cross. It was tradition during the Anglo-Saxon period to bury the honored death with all of the adornments of wealth that they had gain ed in the earthly life. The Dream of the Rood treats the death of Christ as the culmination of His glory. As the Rood itself speaks, "Disclose with your words that it is the tree of glory on which Almighty God suffered for mankind's many sins and the deeds of Adam did of old. He tasted death there; yet the Lor... ...sh Literature, Sixth Ed., p. 297) This change in the integral ideal of the subject matter is perhaps indicative of the ensuing social changes that occurred during the Middle English period. Julian describes Christ's gift as the fulfillment of his love for all creation. It is not for honor that Christ gave his life. Of course, during the Old English period, the lord's retainers certainly experienced "love" in some fashion for the man they willingly gave their lives. Certainly that "love" was not to be construed as a display of femininity, for these men were warriors. Changing social values helped to transform the Old English heroic code to the Middle English chivalric ideal. The literature of each of the periods offers the examples upon which to base this conclusion. Old English honoric ideals are complemented by Middle English concepts of love and beauty.

The Folly of Hypocrisy Exposed in Arms and the Man :: Arms and the Man Essays

The Folly of Hypocrisy Exposed in Arms and the Man  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Satire is the "biting exposure of human folly which criticizes human conduct, and aims to correct it" (Di Yanni 839). Moliere was the French master of satiric comedy, and Shaw has been hailed likewise--as the "Irish Moliere." In Arms and the Man, Shaw demonstrates his genius for satire by exposing the incongruities of life and criticizing the contradictions in human character.      Ã‚   Love and war are the main subjects of this play. Shaw addresses each, showing the disparity between how these issues are perceived and what they are in actuality. Love, of course, is often regarded in romantic terms. Raina, of Arms and the Man, is described as a young, beautiful woman who indeed does hold to idealistic notions concerning the emotion of love. To her, "the world really is a glorious world for women who can see its glory and men who can act in its romance!" (Shaw 1294, act 1). She acts as though she can continue to live in her ideal world forever and believes that she has found a true love in Sergius. As a couple, they put on a show for each other to prove their emotions are real. Raina says, in effect, that she is perfect in Sergius' company--"'When I think of you, I feel that I could never do a base deed, or think and ignoble thought'"--and he, in hers--"'You will never disappoint me, Sergius,'" she adds (1311, act 2).      Ã‚  Ã‚   However, by the play's end, Shaw is eager to reveal that all is not as it seems with any of the characters, especially with Raina. The audience knows it, and the characters learn the truth, too. When Sergius discovers the facts about his fiancà ©e, he exclaims, "'You love that man! . . . You allow him to make love to you behind my back, just as you treat me as your affianced husband behind his'" (1329, act 3). Later, he comes to the realization that their "romance is shattered. [And] Life's a farce" (1330, act 3). It almost seems as though the playwright himself is saying this line; he speaks them to the audience as directly as if he were on stage. For Shaw often stocked his plays "full of lines in which the characters explode romantic elusions" (Ervine 269).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Love, though, is not the only concept around which romanticism abounds.

Corn Research Essay Essay

Throughout my life I always had an idea that corn played a pretty large roll in our diets, but never gave the topic very much interest or investigation until this assignment. I found myself shocked by a lot of the information that I came across in the assigned reading, supermarkets, internet, and my own home. I immediately learned that I had many different misconceptions of both raw corn, and the foods that it is an ingredient of. This assignment had questions running through my mind regarding the healthiness of corn, the versatility of corn, and whether or not corn is even a vegetable. My investigation included a small notebook of mine, my kitchen and bathroom, two very well known supermarkets in Foods Co. and Smart & Final, and the world wide web. Searching through my own home, I found plenty of items that I never would have guessed to have corn in them. I was not too surprised with anything that I found in my kitchen or inside my refrigerator, but in my restroom were things that definitely caught me off guard. Both my toothpaste and tooth brush contain some type of corn product. My toothpaste bottle/tube stressed that the sorbitol in their product was sourced through the hydrogenation of corn oil, and that if the user has any sensitivity to corn he or she should see a doctor before using. The bristles of my sister’s tooth brush is filled with corn starch, for the purpose of creating a soft brushing experience for sensitive gums. Although both of those products surprised me greatly with their being made with corn, that was not my biggest shock. I found that even my deodorant was produced with corn-derived ingredients. I went on to read an article that says all natural deodorants are made with corn starch. The fact that corn is something that we use to both help restrain perspiration, and to generally keep a nice odor to ourselves really had me scratching my head. After explaining to my mother why I was wandering around the house gazing at random things and their ingredient labels, she pointed me in the direction of a few more corn involved products in her room. I soon discovered a few unexpected items such as hairspray, perfume, and nail polish remover. Never did I expect to see so many things that we use in our every day lives, outside of food products, to be created from, or influenced by corn-derived ingredients. The next area of my corn investigation was Supermarkets; specifically Foods Co. and Smart & Final. There were a few things that shocked me greatly in these places, but not quite as much as the search through my own home. Walking through the isles of Foods Co. and Smart & Final, I found quite an unpredictable corn filled product in both Wonder Bread and Pepperidge Farm Bread. Turns out that both of these brands run high in fructose corn syrup, being each of their fourth ingredient. As well as most breads, probably the most well known brand of ketchup, Heinz, is high in both corn syrup and high-fructose corn syrup. Apparently I grew up pretty naive in believing that ketchup was made purely of tomatoes and possibly a little bit of salt. One thing that I found to be strange is that high fructose corn syrup is an ingredient in both protein/nutrition bars and candy bars. I was scratching my head for a good while trying to figure out if corn syrup was actually a healthy ingredient or an unhealthy one. Power Bars might have misunderstood the word â€Å"nutrition†, because the very famous Hershey Chocolate brand and Life Savers gummy candy are both very high on their amounts of corn syrup. The contrast of Power Bars claiming to be a healthy alternative to sugary snacks left me a bit confused. Overall I wasn’t completely blown away by most items found in supermarkets that use different forms of corn in their production, but there were a few that definitely made me scratch my head and think for a second. My investigation concluded after my venture to the supermarkets. Once I was home and reflected on my entire page of notes on what I discovered, my eyes were opened to the importance of corn in today’s culture. I began to realize that corn is much more than a bunch of kernels that feed our stomach and help create other basic foods. I always knew that corn played a large role in the production of common foods such as tortillas, chips, candy, and believe it or not I also knew that it was used in some brands of yogurt. Never did I expect to find it in condiments such as ketchup, or nutrition bars like the popular brand â€Å"Power Bars†; and I don’t think anybody would have guessed that corn is used in the production of in-home items like some hairsprays, toothpaste, and deodorants. I still think it is strange that corn is something that takes part in cleansing our bodies of odor and cleaning our teeth. The exploration throughout local supermarkets and my home helped me gain proper knowledge of corn’s versatility. I discovered that corn is not purely an edible product, but that it is something that can be used as an ingredient for cleansing tools such as toothpaste, and odor removers such as deodorants. Also, I learned of the different ways that corn can be altered to be a proper ingredient for certain products. When we say that corn is all around us, we certainly do not mean that there are yellow kernels in our soda cans, or that solid corn has been mixed into our toothpastes. There are different subdivisions of corn, or derivatives. When we say corn is all around us, we could mean corn starch, sweet corn, corn syrup, or others. As my in-home and supermarket exploration reached an end, my online investigation was about to begin. I decided to first answer the question that had me most intrigued: How healthy is corn for your body? I quickly found a very informative and factual blog website that provided exactly the information that I was hoping to learn. Eatingwell. com contained two articles written by separate authors, in two different years. The first article answered my question with two strong points, while the other brought to light five different myths about sweet corn. The first article, â€Å"What’s Fresh: Is Corn Healthy Or Not? † explained that corn is indeed a healthy ingredient. The author, Carolyn Malcoun, made it known that corn is a starchy vegetable. Like most other starchy vegetables, such as potatoes and peas, it contains a solid amount of fiber. Specifically speaking, corn contains four grams of fiber per one cup of kernels. Fiber, like most of us probably realize, is an indigestible portion of plant foods that is extremely healthy for us. Fiber is known for lowering blood sugar, reducing cholesterol, and very well could help prevent colon cancer. As well as containing fiber, corn is also filled with a good source of lutein and zeaxanthin, like most yellow or green colored vegetables are. Lutein and zeaxanthin are both well known for reducing risk of chronic eye diseases such as cataracts, especially as you begin to age. So ultimately, this article was written to prove the fact that corn can very well be a part of a healthy diet. One note that was made very clear was that the corn this author was writing of was corn that is to be bought on the cob, not corn that makes enthol and high-fructose corn syrup, which is definitely not the same. Unfortunately, that is the type of corn that is found most common in the American diet. In fact, of the ninety-four million acres of corn that was grown in the United States in the year 2007, about one percent of it was sweet corn. It was a high recommendation to support your local farmers and receive your corn and other plant and ground-grown vegetables fresh. The next article that I examined was written by Matthew Thompson, in July of last year. Thompson is the associate food editor for EatingWell Magazine that brought to light five different but common myths about sweet corn, the corn that is found most commonly used in the American diet. The first myth that he tackled was the myth that most sweet corn is genetically modified. In the year of 2011, only three to four percent of the sweet corn grown on United State’s soil was genetically modified, which is planned to be a much different number in the summer of 2013. Monsanto, a giant sustainable agricultural company, is approving new genetically modified performance sweet-corn seeds. Although there has not been much word on how many of the new seeds will be planted throughout the summer, USDA (United States Department Of Agriculture) organic corn has been proved to be the way to go. The second myth was that corn is both fattening and sugary. The truth is that one ear of corn contains the same number of calories and even less than a quarter of the amount of sugar. Although that might mean that corn is one of the healthier choices at your family get together doesn’t mean that we should decide to scarf down a corn on the cob that is smothered in butter and other condiments of that nature. The third myth was that corn is made less nutritious when cooked. Although you might be thinking to yourself how much that makes sense (much like I id), cooking the corn actually increases antioxidant activity; which helps protect the body from diseases such as cancer and heart disease. The fourth myth is that corn has zero healthy benefits, which was quickly verified as an invalid assumption when I learned that one mid-sized ear of sweet corn offers a three-gram dose of dietary fiber which we earlier discovered to be extremely nutritious for our bodies. The fifth and last myth that was brought to light was that the best way to choose corn is by color. Turns out that the variety of the corn is far less important than the freshness of the cob. The color of the kernels actually doesn’t matter. Preferences will vary, just like choosing your flavor of ice cream. Curious as to how to choose the corn that would be considered most fresh? Simple. Don’t purchase corn that has been out of the field for over twenty-four hours. A quick Google search answered my last question: Is corn a vegetable? I had assumed that since corn is something that grows from the ground that it must be a vegetable, which I now know as not to be true. I learned that corn is actually considered to be a grain. Corn indeed grows from the ground, but is not attached to a stem, leaf, or root. However, this is a highly debated topic throughout America, ask the US State Senators of New York. They had the liberty of deciding the state vegetable. Despite the fact that the state of New York is the second largest onion producer in the United States, the popular vote went to corn. How can corn be the official vegetable of a state when it is actually considered a grain rather than a vegetable? I never found the answer to that one. Once my study of corn had completely reached an end, I finally realized how much I actually did not know about corn. A large number of different facts were brought to light, and the air was cleared referring to the different misconceptions and assumptions that I too have made about corn, as well as many of the people around my every day life. This is an assignment that I am happy I tackled on full force, because it had to do with my every day life. I am glad that I was able to have an assignment that was so relevant to the American lifestyle.

Hate Crimes Essay

A hate crime is an act of violence, a threat, harassment, or property damage motivated by bigotry and prejudice against the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, disability, or sexual orientation of another group or individual. These acts are not only against the victim(s), but also the particular group as a whole. Hate crimes are very common and often times it is hard to tell whether or not the crime is motivated by hate. I chose this topic because I was watching a TV show call Criminal that told true stories of hate crimes. The one that got me interested was â€Å"Punks vs. Preps,† there had been an ongoing feud between the two groups, which ended in a teen losing his life. This episode showed one of the many cases of hate crimes that have plagued our nation. Watching it caused me to grow curious about how often these terrible events happened, as well as, what is being done to prevent future breakouts of hate crimes. Many people assume that hate crime offenders are hate-filled Nazi’s or â€Å"skinheads†. But research by a clinical psychologist at the University of California shows that out of 1,459 cases in the span of a year less than 5 percent were members of a hate group (http://www.hatecrime.org). Most hate crimes are carried out by, seemingly, law-abiding young people who do not think their actions are wrong. Sometimes drugs and alcohol help initiate these crimes, but the main factor appears to be personal prejudice. Personal prejudice is what blinds a person from seeing the wrong in what they are doing. Most times this prejudice comes from an environment that sees differences as threats. The worst hate crimes are often committed by people with a history of antisocial behavior. One of these examples took place in June of 1998 in Jasper, Texas. Three men, with jail records, offered a ride to a black man with a limp. After beating him to death, they dragged him behind their truck until his body was partially dismembered (http://hatecrime.org). According to the FBI, about thirty percent of all hate crimes in 1996 were crimes against property. They involved robbing, vandalizing, destroying, stealing, and/or arson. Approximately seventy percent involve an attack  against a person. This can range from simple assault (without a weapon) to aggravated assault, rape, and murder. This type of attack has two levels of injury, on a person’s physical self and also on a person’s identity (http://www.stopthehate.org). Educated guesses of the presence of hate crimes in a society are difficult because each state defines and reports these crimes differently. The Hate Crime Statistics Act was enacted in 1990, but federal law enforcement officials did not begin collecting nationwide statistics until the following year. Another obstacle to gaining an accurate count of hate crimes is that many victims are afraid to report the attacks. This comes from the trauma they have experienced and fear of retaliation or future contact with the offender(s). Another reason is that it is difficult to identify a biased motive. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is often caused by hate crimes. Some symptoms are intense feelings of vulnerability, anger, and depression, learning problems, and difficulty with relationships (both physical and emotional). Studies have shown that some victims have taken as long as five years to overcome the feelings. They may heal more quickly if support is available soon after the incident (Punks vs. Preps). Hate crimes not only affect the victim himself, but they also affect the particular group the victim is from or thought to be from. When the result of the attack is serious injury or the loss of a life then it also affects the family and friends of the victim. Racial Hatred is by far the most common type of hate crime with African Americans as the group at greatest risk. In 1996, sixty percent (4,831 of 7,947) of hate crimes were committed because of race; two-thirds of these crimes were targeting African Americans (http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr). The type of crimes committed against this group has not changed since the nineteenth century; they still include murder, cross burnings, vandalizing churches, and bombings. As for the other racially motivated crimes, about twenty-five percent were against white people, seven percent against Asian Pacific Americans, less than five percent against multiracial groups, and one percent against Native Americans and Alaskan Natives. Ethnic minorities in the United States are often targeted because they are  thought to be new to the country even if their families have been here for generations. Other times they are targeted just because they are seen as different from the majority population.