Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Core Functions of Case Management - 1479 Words
The case management process consists of five parts: assessment, treatment planning, linking, advocacy, and monitoring. It is not a linear process and does not follow the order it is written up. There may be some back and forth and returning to certain points. Screening Contact between an addictions counsellor and a client is usually initiated by the client referring him/her self, an outside agency refers them, family physician or the addictions counsellor initiates contact through outreach or other agencies. Assessment can be seen as the beginning of treatment and it becomes an opportunity to encourage the client to begin to move towards change. The initial assessment involves a mutual investigation and exploration between the client†¦show more content†¦Although the main goal of the assessment is to refer clients to treatment, many clients refuse treatment. However, they are willing to accept referrals to non-addiction agencies to resolve problems that have either been caused by addiction or that led to the problems. This assessment may be an intervention that the client needs. You will want to use the appropriate research-based screening tools that may be applicable to the client’s individual circumstances. Treatment Planning The treatment planning process helps the client select the level and intensity of treatment that works best for them. When planning treatment the counsellor can consider preferences and the services available. The treatment plan may change over time but it provides a focus for ongoing support. The treatment plan comprises of two main functions, it allows for a negotiation between the client and assessor for specific interventions to address the identified problems as well as allows them to develop a manageable plan. It is important when negotiating with the client that the counsellor listens to what the client wants and is capable of undertaking with agreement to implement. Each client is unique and every treatment plan should also be tailored to meet his or her needs. The client must agree to all aspects of the plan. The treatment involves four stages, prioritizing problem areas and exploring options with the client, matching services available to the clientsShow MoreRelate dCore Functions Of A Counselor1685 Words  | 7 Pagesthe following 4 Core Functions of a Counselor: Case Management, Client Education, Crisis Intervention, Referral and their primary purposes. Discussion Case Management According to IC RC, Case Management is defined as, â€Å"activities intended to bring services, agencies, resources, or people together within a planned framework of action toward the achievement of established goals. It may involve liaison activities and collateral contacts†(Herdman, John W., 6th Ed.). Case management is a concertedRead MoreDiscuss the Role of the Supervisor in Organizational Planning and Explain the Benefits If Any to the Subordinate, the Supervisor and the Organization1668 Words  | 7 PagesCourse Title: Supervisory Management Submission Date: 22 October 2012 One Stop Production Company’s Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary of the Case 3 Statement of the Problem 4 Core Problem 4 Satellite Problems 6 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........................................................16 Reasonable Assumptions...............................................................................................19 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................................Read MoreOrganizational Environment: A Human Resource Management Perspective1676 Words  | 7 PagesOrganizational Environment A Human Resource Management Perspective Organizational Environment: A Human Resource Management Perspective Organization is defined as group of people who put joint and systematic efforts to achieve desired goals (Robbins, Kotze and Coulter, 2003). The goals of organization are the goals of all the people who join hands in the efforts. However, there are certain motives in the mind of every individual who wants to join organization. In the organizational literatureRead MoreCmgt 442 Week 4 Individual Assignment Outsourcing Risks Essay examples1253 Words  | 6 Pagesweigh to decide whether or not outsourcing is the best possible solution to their current problems and business operations. Outsourcing refers to the process of hiring external provider to operate on a business or organization function (Venture Outsource, 2012). In this case, two organizations or businesses enter a contract where there will be an exchange of services and payments. This paper will discuss the possible risks an organization may encounter in outsourcing in relation to the use of an externalRead MoreHuman Resourc e Management And Retail Banking1317 Words  | 6 PagesAudit helps to assess and manage risk for the business. In the case of Regions Bank, even though all the functions are important to the organization, the two most valuable functions are Human Resource Management and Retail Banking. This is because these functions align with Region’s core values, so the management of these functions is essential. Regions’ core competencies are centered on customer service and an efficient Management Associate Program (MAP), which an entry level position into theRead MoreDisneys Business Factors1276 Words  | 6 Pagessuccessful multi-media corporations. Disney established its core values from the beginning, and they are still lived today. Since Walt Disney’s departure in 1966, Disney has had several leaders, including the current CEO, Bob Iger, who have duplicated Walt’s style and have continued to make Disney the powerhouse entertainer it is today. There are four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. These four functions are affected by sev eral internal and external factors, includingRead MoreUnder Armour Case Anylasis Essay863 Words  | 4 PagesCase Analysis Model Begin with a brief introduction which names the company and the industry in which it operates. Then briefly describe the company’s position within the industry, and how it is trying to position itself (it is a good idea to write the intro after you have finished all of your analyses). General Environment The industry is the item of interest in the GE model. Each of the following model elements addresses the industry first. 1. Make a profound statement, which characterizesRead MoreConstruction Of The Construction Industry1545 Words  | 7 PagesConstruction industry in the United States is a well-known sector of the Country’s economy. This sector of the economy has made tremendous impact as a result of the seasoned professionals who have come together in their various set skills to carry out functions as it relates to them. These professions usually comprises of the Architect, Project Managers, Construction Managers, Estimators etc. According to (14), $650 billion was contributed to the construction industry of United States in 1998 which showsRead MoreThe Department Of Health And Human Services1414 Words  | 6 Pagesof its system. †¢ This policy has the purpose to ensure that the Department of Health of Human Services (DHHS) is in compliance with the security standards established by NIST SP 800-53. †¢ The policy is also schemed to identify the five core framework functions: identify, protect, detect, respond, and recover. This will help the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to manage cybersecurity risks in both internal and external manners. Scope: †¢ The scope of the policy outlines the need ofRead MoreEssay about Companies Must Prepare ofr the challenges of Globalization1172 Words  | 5 Pagespopularity is that of core competency: those things that a firm does especially well and that give it competitive advantage. When firms stray from their core competencies, problems often result. To allow companies to focus on their core competencies, outsourcing has gained in popularity. First, outsourcing reduces the need for a company to focus on an area that is not as critical to its success as other areas are. Second, the firm may not be able to perform a noncore function as effectively
Monday, December 23, 2019
Defining Music Essay - 614 Words
Nic Giordano Comp 1 Definition Essay Music Music; Indefinable by words alone. It is not only something you can hear but what you can feel. It is something your soul is able to reach out and touch. Music also has the power to bring us as humans, together. It is one language spoken by all cultures, sexes, races, age and religions. Music also controls our emotions; it makes us happy, sad, angry, relaxed, etc. We also can express ourselves through music. It can affect our personality.. someone who listens to classical, like Mozart or Bach, all the time is going to be smarter and more intellectual than someone who listens to rap or metal, and someone who listens to more upbeat happier music, like Ska or Swing, is more likely to†¦show more content†¦This can be overwhelming to the listener. Knowing when and how much to utilize silence is part of listening, one of the key skills of any musician. â€Å"Just because you can’t hear it doesn’t mean it’s not music†Music is respect. Respect to ones self and to others, whether it is someone that has the same taste in music as you, or someone that has the complete opposite taste as you. That’s something I see happen way to much, people bashing on other people because of what they listen to. Instead of accepting that everyone isn’t going to like what you like. Music is supposed to be something we all have in common, it’s supposed to bring us together and create peace, not turn us against each other. It’s something that we all do, including me at times. Not only in music but in everyday life. Music originates from all over the world since the beginning of time. Complex or simple, fast or slow, loud or soft. It’s what you feel. It could be your method of escape or keeping you living. Music is love. Music is passion. Music is unity. Music is emotion. Music is belief. Music is beauty. Music is life. Music is perfection. Music is imperfection. Music is peace. â€Å"Through music we can live forever.†â€Å"That’s the beauty of music. They can’t take that away from you.†-The ShawshankShow MoreRelatedPsychedelic Rock : The Defining Music Genre Of The 1960 S1717 Words  | 7 PagesPsychedelic Rock: The Defining Music Genre of the 1960’s â€Å"Through all of history, mankind has put psychedelic substances to use. Those substances exist to put you in touch with spirits beyond yourself, with the creator, with the creative impulse of the planet.†says Ray Manzarek, a member of the psychedelic band the Doors. The mid-to-late 60s marked a point when drugs were commonplace throughout life, and music was one of them. Psychedelic rock was often underground and was outshined by the previousRead MoreDefining Autism and Music Therapy2291 Words  | 9 Pagesbehaviors etc (Boso et al., 2007). It has been noticed that in the patients who are suffering from autism the music therapy tends to play a very significant role in treating the disease. Music therapy is looked upon as a nonverbal and nonthreatening kind of communication which helps in nullifying some of the problems that are associated with the autism (Staum, 2011). Defining Music Therapy Music therapy is basically a way of treating the disease in a nonverbal and non-communicative way in such a mannerRead MoreArt Is An Extraordinary Subject862 Words  | 4 PagesArt is an extraordinary subject, defining what constitutes as art is not as easy task. Since there are many different forms of art and most of it is up to the interpretation of the artist or the audience, art has no one singular defining characteristic. The general public a lot of the times is not even aware they appreciate an art form. Art surrounds their everyday life. Art has the ability to; move us emotionally; to heal our minds; inform us about past and present societies and even enhance ourRead MoreClassical Music And The Music1478 Words  | 6 Pagesattention of everyone in the music hall. The conductor, Evan Feldman, and the UNC Symphonic and Woodwind Orchestra at Memorial Hall elegantly performed several classical pieces that was widely enjoyed by classical enthusiasts and family members. The c oncert supplied the audience with a night that at times, brought calmness and serenity, but at others gave abrupt aggression and force. Today, classical music is considered traditional and one of the earliest forms of music played in concert halls. ThusRead MoreInanga: A Song of Survival in Daughter’s Rwanda1673 Words  | 7 Pages Transcending individual differences, music in Africa has proved to be more than just a collection of notes and the production of sounds. Throughout this past semester, Professor B drew materials from West, East and South Africa to demonstrate the powerful ability of music to bring and bind people together. Consistently exemplified throughout African history, music has served as the unifying link between generations. In the documentary, Inanga: A Song of Survival in Daughter’s Rwanda, a family’sRead MoreThe Musical Taste Is Subjective978 Words  | 4 Pagescollege student in New Jersey, â€Å"I listen to music, which is pop mus ic, when I get bored, or when I want to be relaxed. Otherwise, usually I do not listen to music†(Matt). According to another interview with bar patron Tom Hunk, who is 35 years old, â€Å"I listen to music for fun. Friday and Saturday night, I do go to a bar in order to let myself go†(Hunk). These examples show that people listen to music with different purposes. On the other hand, people listen music when they do sports such as running, weightRead MoreEssay on Music is the Only Universal Language895 Words  | 4 PagesMusic is the Only Universal Language When people think of the term literacy, they most commonly define it as the ability to read and write, in the verbal sense. But there is a wide range of literacy apart from that, which also requires mastering a set of crucial skills. One such example is musical literacy, which is the ability to read, write, or appreciate music. Musical literacy is not all that different from the verbal kind. Leonard G. Ratner, when speaking of 18th and 19th century music, writesRead MoreMusic Is The Sounds And Lack Of Sounds Of A Musical Work1384 Words  | 6 PagesJuly 31, 2015 MUS124 Long Paper One of the basic ideas defining music is outlined in the Professor Michael B. Bakan’s second proposition: that the sounds and lack of sounds of a musical work are organized. Throughout the past years, many professors of ethnomusicology and music in general have attempted to define exactly what music is. Although there was and is a lot of discussion on the matter, most researchers began with the notion that music is essentially organized sound. However, there are casesRead MoreMusical Terminology Of The Early Nineteenth Century1160 Words  | 5 Pagestime genres in music started losing relevance in historical context due to the individualization of the artist. Musical terminology in the early nineteenth-century was evolving and composers were exploring on different forms and styles. Thus, innovation and expansion of variety in works under the same title were growing trends in the nineteenth century. The shaky start of defining the nocturne genre is seen in Jousse’s C ompendious Dictionary of Italian and Other Terms used in Music where it is definedRead MoreListening Log724 Words  | 3 PagesA. Sound of the music: What does the first selection sound like? (How can we describe it in terms of melody, harmony, rhythm, tone color, and form? How is the sound similar to or different from music you are more familiar with?)(2 points) Answer below: The first selection, â€Å"Hotter Than That†, is a very colorful, upbeat presentation of traditional jazz. The tempo is in 4/4 and is played at around 100 beats per minute. Mr. Armstrong moves quickly and widely with the trumpet from high, vibrato
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Christ in His Suffering and Death Free Essays
The death of Christ on the cross gives the meaning to all the undertakings of God. In His sacrificial death Christ revealed the holiness, righteousness and love of God, and His infinite wisdom. Disputing the actual death of Christ and His resurrection is destructive for Christian faith. We will write a custom essay sample on Christ in His Suffering and Death or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many biblical passages predict the death of Christ and state or assume His actual death. Definition of Terms Atonement      Guilt               Penalty          Reconciliation    Righteousness      Substitution Expiation         Justice            Propitiation    Redemption       Sanctification Forgiveness     Justification    Ransom          Remission         Satisfaction Theories of the Atonement There are principal theories of atonement, which arise from the disputes around the meaning of the death of Christ. 1.     Substitutional Atonement. 2.     Payment-to-Satan Theory. 3.     Recapitulation Theory. 4.     Commercial or Satisfaction Theory. 5.      Moral Influence Theory. 6.      Theory of Thomas Aquinas. 7.     Theory of Duns Scotus. 8.      Example Theory. 9.     Mystical Experience Theory. 10. Governmental Theory of Grotius. 11. Theory of Vicarious Confession. Although the upper theories have some aspects that can be recognized as having merit, the true concept of the death of Christ may be understood from the biblical passages that reveal the doctrines of redemption, reconciliation and propitiation, and the death of Christ thus is the substitutional or penal concept of the atonement. The doctrine of Redemption is an important aspect of the work of God in salvation accomplished by the death of Christ. The doctrine of redemption in Christ can be erected from the study of three words: agoraz?, lutro?, and peripoie?. Agoraz? (exagoraz?) is the basic word for redemption in the scripture and expresses the idea of purchasing Christians by Christ, and His death was the praise paid. Peripoie? means to save or to preserve one’s self, and lutro? has the meaning to rescue by paying a ransom. The study of redemption through Christ in the New Testament discloses clearly that the death of Christ was the praise He paid to God and thus purchased the sinner from the bondage of sin. The doctrine of Propitiation represents the idea that the death of Christ fully satisfied the demands of a righteous God in respect to judgment upon the sinner. The word is mentioned in both Testaments. Propitiation had a substitutional character and three important results. The doctrine of Reconciliation as one of the most important in theology is being discussed wildly and has four basic interpretations. Several biblical passages reveal that reconciliation effects the change in man which reconciles him to God: II Corinthians 5:17-21, Romans 5:6-11, Ephesians 2:16, Colossians 1:20-22. Reconciliation is provided to all men, but applied only to the elect when they believe. Those who reject the love and grace in Christ are still judged according to their work. Reconciliation is applied to the whole Universe. The work of reconciliation extends to the work of God on the behalf of the believer. Christ in His Resurrection The doctrine is essential for the whole Christian faith and theology. The resurrection of Christ is the first step in the series of the exaltation of Christ and His ministry as our Intercessor. Evidences for the resurrection of Christ are abundant. The Scriptures fully describe the appearances of Christ after resurrection to many people under different circumstances; therefore resurrection is a well-documented historical event. Between the evidences for the resurrection of Christ are the following. 1.     The empty tomb. 2.     The character of the human witnesses to the resurrection. 3.     The dramatic change in the disciples after the resurrection. 4.     The disciple’s experience of the divine power in the postresurrection period. 5.     The events of the day of Pentecost. 6.     The evidence in the custom of observing the first day of the week. The Origin of Christian Church The foundation of the Christian church in the first century, its convincing power and dynamic stemmed from the belief in the resurrection of Christ. The Scriptures evidences the resurrection of the body of Christ, not only His resurrection in spiritual sense. His resurrection body was the same, though changed a little, that the one in the tomb and Scriptures evidence this fact. Who Raised Christ from Dead? The resurrection of Christ is the work of triune God. The significance of the resurrection of Christ is underestimated in all branches of systematic theology. The major facets of the significance of the resurrection of Christ are: 1.     Proof of His person and His offices (Prophet, Priest, and King). 2.     Key to all of His present work. 3.     Consummation of the divine plan in the prophetic future. 1. The article â€Å"The nature of the atonement: how should one view the cross?†by Steve Sullivan emphasises the importance of understanding the doctrine of atonement and pays particular attention to the Payment-to-Satan and Recapitulation theories of atonement. According to classical views presented by Walvoord in â€Å"Jesus†, Payment-to-Satan theory is one of the earliest in the church and it is not held in modern times. This theory implies that Christ was paid to Satan as the ransom for sinner. Recapitulation Theory is based on the idea that Christ recapitulates all the phases of human life including being made sin in His death on the cross. Sullivan combines these theories, presents the short historical intercourse into each, and then upholds the point of view that merging some of these views one can capture the Word of Faith Movement (WFM) leaders’ view of Christ’s death. The WFM teachers assert that ‘Jesus took upon himself a satanic nature, died physically on the cross, suffered spiritual death in hell for us, and then was reborn (or born again) in hell and rose from the grave’. Therefore, when the believer is born again he becomes like Christ. Even from the short overview of the WFM ideas about one of the existing doctrines we can see how deep the interpretations of Bible can differ. I would recommend this article as it presents the view on the death and atonement of Christ and lets the reader to compare traditional catholic teaching with one of modern Christian branch’s views. This article is a good source for critical thinking evaluating. 2. The article â€Å"The Reality of Resurrection†by Darrell Young is focused on historical proofs of Christ resurrection. The resurrection of Christ is recognized equitable to be the most powerful event in all history. Further, the author cites numerous passages from the New and Old Testament concerning the prophecy of resurrection, its vital importance for the Christian faith, and its significance in the context of the Second Coming. I would recommend this article as a rich source of historical approach to resurrection and to some questions related to the doctrine of resurrection, such as resurrection of believers during the Second Coming, the resurrected bodies of believers, the time of resurrection and others. The Bibliography Sullivan, Steve. The Nature of the Atonement: How should One View the Cross? – Part–I [on-line]. Ankerberg Theological Research Institute; available from http://www.ankerberg.com/Articles/_PDFArchives/theological-dictionary/TD1W0600.pdf; Internet; accessed 9 November 2005      How to cite Christ in His Suffering and Death, Essay examples
Friday, December 6, 2019
Introduction to Hospitality and Tourism for Vanuatu- myassignmenthelp
Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Hospitality and Tourism for Vanuatu. Answer: Introduction Across the world and almost in every country, hospitality and tourism is an activity found to play a critical role that contributes to an economy. Both push and pull factors act as tourism systems that support tourist flows (Cooper, 2016). This paper focus on the arrival of a cruise ship at Pacific Island of Vanuatu that depends on tourism. The major areas of focus includes looking at the prime ethical and governing issues, whether PO cruise acted in the most ethical manner, the person to be responsible to rectify the ethical issues, the manner in which the government could have taken to resolve the ethical issues, and recommendations of the best approaches for overcoming the issues. Prime Ethical and Governing Issues Presented in the Vanuatus Broken Dream Video Tourism and hospitality continues to experience several ethical dilemmas. Cooper (2016) explains that business ethics refer to the rules that guide operations of a business. In fact, they are not laws in themselves, but rules that guide how parties relates to one another and operations of businesses. Ethics seek to benefit stakeholders (Alonso Nyanjom, 2016). Ethical tourism involves benefits to the people and environment at various destinations (Lovelock Lovelock, 2013). Benefits such as economic prosperity, social equity, and protection to culture and environment can only come from ethical behaviors (Net Balance Management Group Pty Ltd, 2014). The arrival of the PO International cruise ship with thousands of visitors at Vanuatu local community in the Pacific was to generate wealth for people in the community. However, its arrival led to several prime ethical and governing issues to take place at the island (SBS, 2017). Money matters form the first ethical issue that affects Vanuatu Island (Mitchell, 2011). Many of the residents complained that government officers practiced a high-level of corruption. The PO cruise ship arrived with thousands of visitors from different international countries including Australia, China, United Stated of America, and other Asian countries. The visitors paid fees amounting to $800,000 aid. The money collected was to help improve the lives of everyone (Stabler, Sinclair Papatheodorou, 2010). However, the level of corruption, theft, and misappropriation of funds have made it impossible for the community to put the money into proper use. For example, corruption issues involved committee members stealing all the money collected from the tourism activities. Consequently, this has contribute to division among subsistence farmers without experience concerning ways they could handle cash flows. Furthermore, misappropriation of funds comes from the fact that there is no accountability concerning who should control the money. Since 2004 to 2012, there have been changes in committees that have gone without punishment Endemic nepotism forms the second ethical issue. Leaders started to pursue their own interests, benefits, and those of their close relatives (Tabani, 2008). At Pentecost, Malekula, and Efate-the Port Villa, government and ministers failed to share the belief of benefiting local communities (SBS, 2017). For example, we see that the former government minister of Teserik issued prime land leases to favor family members of his department at a knockdown price. This practice shows that such leaders failed to think about poor villagers that leaved around that site and the benefits they would derive from tourists visiting the destination. There was a construction of social amenities benefiting tourists only. The analysis of the video shows that over a period of ten years, people had failed to benefit from social amenities such as good health, electricity, good toilets, and clean water (Vanuatu, 2013). A majority of the locals have to harvest water when it rains for their use. Furthermore, the only available toilet is that used by tourists. The locals have been denied a chance to use the same amenity. Did the PO Cruises act ethically in this case? Jaszay (2002) explains that ethical practice requires adoption of rules that benefits a society and stakeholders. In the case of Vanuatu, for example, the ethical act required that management construct toilets that benefit members of the local community and tourists. In addition, management was to use water for the benefit of the tourists and community members. The fact that tourists contributed money to construct their own toilet; this was not an unethical practice. It was the role of Vanuatu government to have come up with a plan to construct public amenities such as community sanitation for the community. PO assumed the Vanuatu government would use the money they provided to improve the lives of the islanders? Perhaps they could have followed up on this. When asked whether the community used the amenities, one member reiterated that the toilet and water were meant for tourists only. This brings out the role of the Vanuatu government in providing social amenities for all (Alonso Nyanjom, 2016). It was unethical for the government to have failed on planning where to put up the amenities and collection of funds from the tourism activities (Vanuatu, 2013). Who should be responsible for rectifying issues identified? Tourism and hospitality are activities that bring interrelationship and partnership between the public and private sectors. The private sector brings together the local community that own businesses, conduct activities, and other resources. The government of Vanuatu has the responsibility for rectifying the above-identified issues. The government through the ministry of culture, sports and tourism should formulate policies and laws to regulate tourism industry (Cooper, 2016). Furthermore, this can also be done through strategic planning (Sofield, 2001). Similarly, the private sector such as those that own resources and businesses had the responsibility of contributing towards rectification of issues affecting them. For example, the community leaders could identify business opportunities. Furthermore, they had the responsibility of monitoring officials that misuse natural resources such as frequent allocation of land to relatives (Kucinskiene Macerinskiene, 2012). how Australian and/or Vanuatus governments could have resolved identified issues Since independence, the leaders started to pursue own interest and the benefits of their family members. The government officials made empty and never fulfilled promises (SBS, 2017). Besides, the majority of the community members have had to wait without any hope. While at the same time, some have to devise own ways of survival. The Vanuatu government could have resolved the identified issues through involvement. Cooper (2016) outlines a range of reasons that make any government to get involved in tourism and hospitality. Taking authority is one of such reason. Since 2004 to 2012, several committees have stolen the money and nothing has been taken against the corrupt individuals (SBS, 2017). The government could have resolved the issue of corruption by arresting and charging corrupt individuals. Second, the government plays a role in planning and controlling of resources. According to Cooper (2016), this role helps to ensure that tourism delivers the benefits and outweighs the costs. After analysis, the video, it is apparent that the government failed to design plans ways to provide social amenities to the local community. The failure from the government led to the construction of water that is only used by international tourists (Vaadre, 2009). At the same time, tourists use clean water for cleaning themselves and washing of a toilet that benefits tourists only. The government could have resolved the issue of mismanagement of resources by planning how to use the funds collected from the tourists to construct water reservoirs, provide electricity, and construction of good toilets that could benefit everyone in the community. Third, the Vanuatu government has a role in regulating and promoting tourism industry. The fact that the majority of the people from the community have remained poor and taken their own business initiatives implies that the Vanuatu government failed to regulate the market and promote the same market to attract an increased number of international tourists. Most importantly, the government could have resolved the issue of poverty among the locals by constructing a market trading area (Cooper, 2016). This place could assist the locals in selling their products to tourists. Furthermore, Vanuatu has not attracted a considerable number of tourists. Therefore, the government could have solved the poverty issue by the formation of advertising and marketing department. The Australian government also has a role to play in solving the issues. As indicated by the Parliament of Australia, the role should involve offering donations as an investment. For a long time, Vanuatu has continued to rely on Australia for development assistance, educational training, and helping Vanuatu to improve the economic governance and public financial management in tourism sector (Parliament of Australia, (2017).). For instance, this could involve Value-Added Tax collection reforms Three Recommendations to Overcome Such Issues In The Future Coordination across Government Life imprisonment Corruption has embedded itself in Vanuatu system. If not controlled, it will continue to be an issue in future. The government need to take strict measure on all corrupt public servants. The measures should cover arresting and imprisonment of anyone found guilty of bribery and corruption cases. The recent case of jailing fourteen Vanuatu MPs, including deputy prime minister, serves the best example of what the government out to do to overcome an issue of corruption (News, 2015). In addition, the government can also adopt strategies recommended by Vaadre (2009). Such measures includes increased political responsibility, increased public participation, and making private sector to become competitive. Tourism policy The future of Vanuatu tourism would also require tourism policy as a macro-level instrument. For example, the government need to formulate a policy that would regulate the entire future tourism sector at Vanuatu pacific Island. Besides, the formulation of such a policy as a strategy, must show the intention of the government, help in the creation of a competitive destination for tourists, and ensure effective functioning of an entire tourism industry to deliver benefits to the local community (Cooper, 2016). Furthermore, the policy need to interact with other policy areas such as an environment to avoid erosion and development of a long lasting transform infrastructure. The paper further recommends that implementation of above policy can only take place when the government implements two main policy instruments (Brown, 2011). Management of tourism demand instrument should focus on marketing and promotion, pricing intervention in order to regulate and control competition, security and safety, and access to immigration policy (Sofield, 2001). Second, the government need to implement instruments that manages the supply of tourism. The instrument will help cover taxation, market and research planning, market regulation, education and training of community members, and land-use along the pacific. Tourism planning The government need to conduct planning of an entire Vanuatu pacific Island. Before the responsible people start planning, they would need to note down a number of questions. Tabani (n.d) outlines that such questions could revolve around; What are the types of tourists that we need to attract? What is the degree of tourism that we need to develop and have in future? Where will the tourism occur? Who is going to cater for the cost of development? A response to the above questions will help show the importance of tourism to the government and the local community. Therefore, the government need to use the following stages to achieve better results; Background analysis of Vanuatu area Research Synthesis Goals and objectives Plan development, and Plan monitoring References Alonso, A. D., Nyanjom, J. 2016. Tourism, quality of life, and residents of a rural town. Tourism Analysis, 21(6), 617-629. Brown, A. 2011. The milieu of government reporting in Vanuatu,Pacific Accounting Review, Vol. 23 Issue: 2, pp.165-184, Cooper, C. 2016. Essentials of tourism. 2nd ed. Pearson (Oxford Brookes University) Jaszay, C. 2002. Ethical behaviour in the hospitality industry. Hospitality Review, Vol. 20(2), pp. 1-15 Kucinskiene, M., Macerinskiene, A. 2012. Tourism in Lithuania: the role of public governance. Public Administration (16484541), 3(35), 61-70. Lovelock, B., Lovelock, K. 2013. The ethics of tourism: Critical and applied perspective. Routledge Mitchell, J. 2011. Operation Restore Public Hope: Youth and the Magic of Modernity in Vanuatu. Oceania, 81(1), 36-50 Net Balance Management Group Pty Ltd, 2014. Assessment of the economic impact of cruise ships to Vanuatu. Report, pp. 1-98 News, 2015. Vanuatu court sentences 14 MPs to jail for bribery, corruption. [Online] from https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/pacific-beat/2015-10-22/vanuatu-court-sentences-14-mps-to-jail-for-bribery/6877552. Accessed on October 6, 2017 Parliament of Australia, 2017. Chapter 2: Vanuatu. [Online] from https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Foreign_Affairs_Defence_and_Trade/Delegation%20Report/c02. Accessed on October 6, 2017 SBS. 2017. Vanuatus broken dreams. [Online] from https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/story/vanuatus-broken-dreams. Accessed October 02, 2017 Sofield, H.B. 2001. Sustainable ethnic tourism in the south Pacific: some principles. The Journal of Tourism studies, Vol. 2(1), pp. 1-17 Stabler, M., Sinclair, M. T., Papatheodorou, A. 2010. The Economics of Tourism. London: Routledge. Tabani, M. 2008. A Political History of Nagriamel on Santo, Vanuatu. Oceania, 78(3), 332-357. Tabani, M. n.d. Chapter 7: Development, tourism and commodification of cultures in Vanuatu. Pp. 225-262 Vaadre, M. 2009. Corruption in small pacific island states: A case study of Vanuatu. [Online] from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:231881/FULLTEXT01.pdf. Accessed on October 6, 2017 Vanuatu, 2013. Vanuatu Strategic Tourism Action Plan Doing the Basics Better: 2014-2018. [Online] from https://tourism.gov.vu/assets/docs/VSTAP_FINAL_Feb_2014.pdf. Accessed on October 6, 2017
Friday, November 29, 2019
Literature Review and Empirical free essay sample
From the early eighties to the nineties, the Standard Rate increased modestly, but is still below its mid-seventies level. While researchers have identified many reasons for the low UI recipiency rates over the past twenty years, many questions remain as to the causes behind the low rate and steps that policy and program officials might take to increase it. While the Standard Rate is the most commonly used measure to evaluate the effectiveness of the UI program, researchers have developed alternative UI recipiency rates to address some of the limitations of the standard measure. The standard measure is expressed as the ratio of the insured unemployed (i. e. , the number of regular UI claimants) to the total number unemployed. Alternative measures have been designed to better capture the effectiveness of the UI program by including the full range of UI programs available to the unemployed (beyond the regular program) and by more accurately defining the UI target population (a subset of unemployed workers). We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review and Empirical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Purpose and Methodology The purpose of this report is to examine why the Standard Rate, as well as alternative recipiency rates, declined sharply in the early eighties and continued to remain well below their midseventies level in the early nineties. We critically reviewed the findings from the research literature to explore the factors others have identified to explain the drop in the UI recipiency rate. The literature review enabled us to identify factors for inclusion in our empirical analysis and to assess the effects of factors that could not be included in our own analysis. Our empirical analysis is based primarily on the methodology used by Burtless and Saks (1984) and focuses only on changes in the UI recipiency rate over recessionary periods. It is important to compare similar economic periods because the UI recipiency rate is higher during recessionary periods and lower during periods of economic expansion. We first replicated the analysis from Burtless and Saks, estimating the effects of various factors that influenced the rate used in their original analysis from the seventies recession (1975-76) to the eighties recession (1981-83). We then extended their earlier analysis by testing the effects of additional factors during that period. Next, we updated the analysis to include data from the most recent recessionary period in the nineties (1991-92). We chose the period in the nineties to be consistent with the periods of rising unemployment rates selected by Burtless and Saks. Finally, we extended their analysis by using the Standard Rate and two additional measures of UI recipiency selected to measure the performance of the UI programs during recessionary periods. Our conclusions about the effects of various factors on the UI recipiency rate are based on the findings from both the critical review of the literature and our empirical analysis. We also present evaluation design options to address some of the limitations of current knowledge. The Lewin Group, Inc. E-1 156059 Executive Summary C. UI Recipiency Rate Measures Four UI recipiency rate measures were selected for the empirical analysis. Standard Rate: number of weekly claims for regular program unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all unemployed workers;1 All Programs Rate: number of weekly claims for all program (regular, extended and federal) unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all unemployed workers; Standard Short-term Rate: number of weekly claims for regular program unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of job losers unemployed less than 27 weeks; and All Programs Job Loser Rate: number of weekly claims for all program (regular, extended and federal) unemployment insurance benefits, as a proportion of all job losers. The final three UI recipiency rates deviate from the Standard Rate by changing the definition of UI claimants, unemployed workers, or both. Because the All Programs Rate and the All Programs Job Loser Rate include all UI program claimants, Wandner and Stengle (1996) argue that they are generally better measures of UI coverage during recessionary periods when extended benefit programs are provided. The All Programs Job Loser Rate differs from the All Programs Rate because it targets a subset of unemployed workers (i. e. , job losers) who would be most likely to qualify for UI benefits. The Standard Short-term Rate only includes regular program claimants and the general â€Å"target population†for the regular state program, job losers unemployed less than 27 weeks. This final measure was used in the original Burtless and Saks analysis. All three alternative rates are larger than the Standard Rate because they use either a more expansive definition of UI claimants and/or a more restrictive definition of unemployed workers. From the seventies to the eighties, all four recipiency rates declined sharply (Exhibit 1). The largest reductions are for the All Programs Rate and the All Programs Job Loser Rate. These rates declined by more than the Standard Rate because of the large cutbacks in the extended benefit programs that were implemented in the early eighties. From the eighties to the nineties, the Standard Rate increased slightly. There is not, however, a large change in either the All Programs or All Programs Job Loser rates over this period, due to the small number of extended claimants. If, however, the analysis were extended to periods following March 1992, there would be an increase in both of these rates because of the extension of benefits through the Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EU3) program. 2 The Standard Short-term Rate follows the same general pattern as the Standard Rate, though there is a much sharper drop-off in the Standard Short-term rate in the early eighties that corresponds with fewer short term job losers receiving regular program benefits.
Monday, November 25, 2019
Organic Foods essays
Organic Foods essays Certified Organic by Geoffrey Cowley The United States Department of Agriculture will standardize the definition of foods labeled organic as of this October the twenty first. These organic foods generate eleven billion a year and are beneficial to the environment. What Consumers want to know is how they benefit from purchasing organic foods. Otto Kramm owns a large organic produce distributor, Earthbound Farm, since 1996. Kramm presently owns six thousand acres and three prosperous farms. Kramms relieved to be working at a farm that does not contain hazardous pesticides and chemicals he could bring home to his children. Over the past ten years, the organic food market has grown up to twenty percent a year! Forty percent of consumers reach for organic foods at their grocery store, and sales are expected to reach $11 billion for organic foods this year. Notable companies such as General Mills and Heinz promote organic products. Organic farms, however provide less than two percent of the nations food supply and less than one percent of U.S. cropland. As of October 21st,, the USDA seal proclaiming products sold as organic as of October twenty first, must meet specific criteria. All organic foods must be produced without hormones, antibiotics, herbicides or insecticides. The USDA does not state that organic food is safer or better than other kinds of foods. Products labeled 100% organic cannot contain any non- organic ingredients; organic products are ninety five percent organic; made with organic ingredients seventy percent organic ingredients; and some organic ingredients less than seventy percent organic. There are three aspect that benefit consumers when purchasing organic foods; more flavor, healthier produce and they are much better for the enviroment. For thirty eight percent of consu ...
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Brown Vs. Board Comes Up Again Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Brown Vs. Board Comes Up Again - Essay Example The other side argues that they are trying to integrate schools as said by Brown vs. Board. They see it as trying to keep segregation from happening, not making it happen. The case was defeated in two smaller courts, but now is in the hands of the Supreme Court. Ethically, the lines between the two sides are muddled, unclear, and hard to walk. The most taken ethical standpoint is that all segregation is wrong. The idea that segregation is ethical would not cross many minds at all. In fact, the ideas of ethics combat the very ideals of segregation the core. Segregation always makes one side left out and short changed, not a very ethical stand point at all. The Supreme Court has huge ethical obligations here. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial power in the country, and being so its rulings at looked at with great esteem and should be made with the proper wisdom and patience of any such huge decision. The Courts also have the ethical obligation to review all the facts and the stories of both sides, to make sure that this case is done fairly and receives its proper due process of law. Ethically the people on the court have a duty to the people in the case, the people on each side of the argument, and really the entire country. If an incorrect or hasty decision was to be made, the ill effects would ripple through the country, and possibly have ill effects on the future and other decisions. The image of the Court as a high ruling power may also be tarnished if the proper ethical obligations are not held. This ruling is to have far reaching effects, as it turns out many schools use such programs to help keep schools even. How ever, is it fair to say that a policy that tries to support integration is unfair to some kids If kids are not allowed in a school because of color, that is segregation. However, maybe the policy simply needs to be revised and looked at, and parts of it change. I do not think the parents are upset over the entire policy, just the fact of the affirmative action and their kids not being accepted based on color. The obligations of the court must be to the Constitution and other ethical material. This ruling could affect many school policies, and could also have the potential to stop affirmative action for students of color on the high school, or any level. This is going to be an interesting case, and the outcome will be a milestone for the future of affirmative action
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Developing a Public Relations Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Developing a Public Relations Plan - Essay Example The American Red Cross is the US affiliate to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The organization does not have business profits as its motive of operation. On the other hand, the mission of American Red Cross is to help and save the people of the society by providing them shelter, food, education and basic amenities of life during the conditions of emergency. The purpose of the American Red Cross is to lend a helping hand as life support to the destitute and people affected because of disasters. The disasters may be natural as well as man-made. American Red Cross serves the noble cause of supporting the section of the society who are helpless and are in need of basic amenities for existence. Facts and rationale: the event that created negative publicity The American Red Cross elected its seventh CEO, Gail. J. McGovern amidst scandals involving their former CEO in 2007. Post-election of the seventh president, the American Red Cross lay off around one thousand employe es from its operational work force. The job cuts imposed by the senior management was brought about in order to restore a balance in the financial condition of the non-profit organization in a situation of crunch in the fund raising activities. The squeeze in the donation receipt in the denominations of the dollar as sources of funds for the organization led to the job cuts of around one thousand workers. ... The public relation between the organization and the society is extremely important for carrying out their welfare activities. Thus negative publicity due to this event laid to the public relations crisis. Goals of campaign: rationale behind choosing these goals The goals of the campaign are to reduce the caused damages due to the occurrence of public relations crisis. The specific goals include sustaining the public image of the organization that has developed over the years, maintain the confidence level of the public on the operations of the organization and also maintain a continuous flow of donations to the organization as a major source of fund for its operations. The reason behind choosing these goals is to maintain a healthy public relation with the society which is the key to effective operations of the organization. The organization provides relief, shelter, food, education and other basic amenities of life to the helpless people of the society and to the victims of disaste rs. These are funded majorly from the donations of the public. The organization conducts fund raising campaign in order to raise money from the people. Thus, healthy public relations are required to be maintained by the organization with the people of the society. In order to restrict the damage due to the situation of public relations crisis from the job cuts imposed, these goals have been chosen as a part of the damage control campaign. Steps to achieve the goals The steps to be taken in order to achieve the goals are to be designed in a calculated manner. A crisis communication plan needs to be set up by the organization. As a part of the crisis communication plan, the content of communication with the public needs to be prepared
Monday, November 18, 2019
Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Netflix - Essay Example Many consumers’ purchase behavior takes the form of a flag that follows whatever pattern and direction of a gust of the blowing wind. As search, there are very many cultural factors that influence a consumer’s decision to buy or not buy a Netflix subscription. There are very many subcultures such as religion, ethnicity, and race that inform most of consumer behavior and choice. The subcultures, therefore, have a bearing on the kind of entertainment that such groups will embrace since there are those that may not condone explicit sexual scenes, and there are those that may not have any issue depending on their value systems. Social class is another cultural factor that influences a consumers’ willingness to pay for a Netflix subscription. Members of the middle class watch a lot more TV than members of the other classes hence they are more likely to but the subscription due to the considerable time they spend in front of their TV screens. The inner tension that the consumer feels is called cognitive dissonance (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel 97) that arises from the post-purchase psychological confusion. Cognitive dissonance is a post-purchase behavior that many consumers experience when they feel that they either made a wrong choice or the dealer gave them a raw deal. In this case, the consumer’s post-purchase behavior resonates with the definition of cognitive dissonance since she finds that she does not have an interest in the programs that Netflix offers in their subscription service.
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay
Benefits Of Using Gis In Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay Solid waste management involves a number of stages starting from the choice of sites for landfill, collection, transportation and disposal of the solid waste. Both economic and environmental planners are concerned with the setting up of cost effective and environmentally friendly systems for solid waste management. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool that can provide spatial and non spatial information for urban planning and management. This paper focuses on the application of GIS as a planning and data collection tool in Solid Waste Management and analyses to what extent GIS is being used in solid waste management by the local authorities in Mauritius and also identifies the barriers to the proper use of GIS in this sector. A GIS model for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius is produced using ArcGIS software and this can be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. The Republic of Mauritius is a small island developing state (SIDS), situated at 800 km off the East coast of Madagascar at longitude 58 ° East and latitude 20 ° South in the Indian Ocean with a total surface area of 1870 km ². In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. The main island of Mauritius has a population of around 1.28 million inhabitants. The rapid industrialization and urbanization during the past decade have led to changing production and consumption patterns that continue to present new demands for natural resources and create new waste streams. It is expected that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 tons a year (or 1,200 tons per day) and is expected to reach 418,000 tonnes in 2014. The present strategy of disposing wastes at the landfill and/or dumping sites will in the long-run be no longer sustainable or appropriate with the rapid increase in waste gene ration, scarcity of appropriate landfill sites and the density of human settlement. The development of an integrated solid waste management strategy is among the priorities identified in the National Environmental Strategies to reduce future costs from environment degradation. Governments policy is to promote waste reduction, minimize its generation, encourage the adoption of environmentally sound methods of resource recovery and modernize the institutional and legal framework for the entire logistical chain collection, storage, transfer and disposal and introduce a cost recovery mechanism. There has been awareness regarding waste management amongst many countries. There has been development of new technologies for improving the waste management systems. GIS is one of the new technologies which have contributed a lot in very less time span to the waste management society. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006) This paper analyses the benefits of using GIS as a tool in solid waste management and makes an assessment of how far GIS is being used by the local authorities in Mauritius and identifies the barriers to the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius. A GIS model for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius is produced using ArcGIS software and this can be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MAURITIUS Solid Waste Management in Mauritius falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands. The main island of Mauritius has five Municipal Councils namely (i) Port Louis, (ii) Beau Bassin/Rose Hill, (iii) Quatre Bornes , (iv) Vacoas/Phoenix and (v) Curepipe. There are also four District Councils namely (i) Pamplemousses/Rivià ¨re du Rempart, (ii) Moka-Flacq, (iii) Grand Port-Savanne and (iv) Black River. Solid waste collection and disposal is undertaken by these local authorities in areas under their jurisdiction and is disposed of at the Mare Chicose landfill via a network of transfer stations situated in St Martin, Roche Bois, Poudre DOr and La Brasserie. Waste collection and disposal is also carried out by private companies on contract basis. The only landfill on the island is at Mare Chicose which is managed by a private contractor. With the increase in waste production the life span of the landfill is going on decreasing and soon there will be a n eed to increase the capacity of the landfill or to find another locality to set up a second landfill. The daily management of waste collection and disposal activities is carried out by officers of the Health Department of the Municipal Councils and the District Councils. 1.3 What is GIS? GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data related to positions on the Earths surface. Typically, a Geographical Information System is used for handling maps of one kind or another. These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature. Each feature is linked to a position on the graphical image on a map and a record in an attribute table. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. 1.4 Uses of GIS in Solid Waste Management Solid waste management comprises several phases, starting from the stage where the waste is generated till it reaches its final destination or at a stage where it is no more a threat to the environment. It is observed that solid waste management can be bifurcated into mainly two phases. One is the waste management in the area where it is generated and second is the management of waste at dumping grounds. (Moiz Ahmed Shaikh, 2006). The development of Geographic Information System (GIS) and its use throughout the world has contributed a lot in improving waste management systems. GIS helps to manipulate data in the computer to simulate alternatives and to take the most effective decisions. GIS can add value to waste management applications by providing outputs for decision support and analysis in a wide spectrum of projects such as route planning for waste collection, site selection exercises for transfer stations, landfills or waste collection points. GIS provides a flexible platform w hich integrates and analyses maps and waste management databases. GIS allows us to create and store as many layers of data or maps as we want and provides various possibilities to integrate tremendous amounts of data and map overlays into a single output to aid in decision making (Chang et al. 1997). The changing production and consumption patterns have caused a rise in the volume of solid waste putting considerable pressure on Governments in dealing with the increased waste generation. It implies that local authorities will require huge capital investments and operational strategies for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste. Delimiting factors such as limited financial resources have made it imperative to replace existing ad hoc methods employed in solid waste management and planning (Vijay et al. 2008). Sarptas et al. (2005) studied the use GIS in solid waste management in coastal areas as a decision support system with a case study on landfill site selection. The results of the study are that GIS is becoming a powerful tool in SWM. However there are still some drawbacks and deficiencies in applying the method extensively. For example, it is not applied in solid waste generation studies because large fluctuations in solid waste generation by time and space and the dynamic nature of urban areas generate several difficulties in determining the current solid waste generation patterns. In the early period of GIS technology, from the 1980s to the early 1990s, GIS software was capable of executing only basic geographical operations. These capabilities of GIS software limited the user to only basic tasks such as exclusion and allowed them to determine only alternative landfill sites in landfill siting applications. Advances in information technology and increasing access to computer system s by decision makers have improved the usefulness of computer models and computer aided technologies in DSS in the last decade. One of the typical examples is the SWM systems. The GIS models do not only support the decision procedure but also facilitate the communication and mutual understanding between decision maker and the people, because the implications of a SWM closely affects the society. However, the basic limitations in the use of GIS in SWM is the data availability. Because, especially in developing countries the available data are very scarce and access to the data is very poor and tiring. In addition, the existing data are not reliable, not collected, stored and disseminated systematically. More comprehensive researches and more efforts on data gathering to fulfill the needs of GIS models are recommended. Since routing models make extensive use of spatial data, GIS can provide effective handling, displaying and manipulation of such geographical and spatial information. For example, Ghose et al. (2006) proposed a model for the system of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection that provides planning for distribution of collection bins, load balancing of vehicles and generation of optimal routing based on GIS. According to Reddy et al. (2007), traditional and static approaches are no longer adequate for analyzing network flows and conducting minimum cost routing. Reddy et al. attempted to develop a decision support system for generating an optimum route for solid waste disposal in Hyderabad City and hence to reduce the distance ran by the collection vehicle using GIS. GIS tool provides an effective decision support through its database management capabilities, graphical user interfaces and cartographic visualization. The system developed by Reddy et al. used the Network Analyst module available in Arcview, which is a path-finding program used to model the movement of resources between two points or more. Chatila (2008) developed a GIS system for natural resources management and recycling of solid waste in the village of Marjeyoun in Southern Lebanon. A GIS map was prepared to serve as a zone management plan along with an environmental assessment that identifies cumulative pressures and impacts of some human activities on the village and the environment. A recycling program was developed based on solid waste sampling and analysis of collection systems. In a study carried out by Bergeron et al. (2010), 3D visualization and GIS were used to produce a digital city model for the Star City, West Virginia to allow government officials and managers to manage assets and perform day-to-day operations, develop sustainable planning initiatives, and management of solid waste assets and facilities, planning for solid waste and recycling facilities and drop-offs, mapping and planning efficient waste hauler routes and identifying issues such a underserved populations and illegal dumping. However, building and using a GIS requires expert knowledge, and can often prevent such systems from being used to their full capability by local officials. In addition, local government is often comprised of mature citizens who are committed to serving their community but may be wary of new technologies that are unfamiliar to them. 1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to analyse the extent to which GIS is being used in waste management by the local authorities in Mauritius, to identify barriers to proper use of GIS in solid waste management and to assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposal in order to create cost-effective systems. Finally a model will be proposed for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius using ArcGIS software that could be used as a decision support tool in planning waste collection and disposal. The model produced will be used to store information regarding the existing collection routes, land use data, population data etc and data regarding the volume of waste produced. Based on these information decisions appropriate decisions can be taken to improve the existing solid waste management system and also predictions can be made for future plans. Hence, in short the aims of this project are mainly as follows: To identify to what extent GIS is being used in waste management in Mauritius. To identify barriers to proper use of GIS in waste management. To assess to what extent GIS affects sustainable waste management as a decision support tool in planning waste collection, recycling, waste segregation and disposal To carry out a case study for the Grand Port-Savanne District Council (GPSVDC) a local authority in Mauritius in order to produce a database for decision making. The paper will also carry out a literature study of some examples of GIS work for waste management. The study will include a discussion and a critical analysis of the models. The analysis of these studies will allow us to learn about the usefulness of GIS as a tool is solid waste waste management and these may be developed for Mauritius in the context of creating an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan. Further to literature review, a number of hypotheses have been designed and have been described briefly GIS and Social Development H1: There is a significant link between GIS and Social Development. H0: There is no significant link between GIS and Social Development. GIS and Economic Development H1: There is a significant link between GIS and Economic Development. H0: There is no significant link between GIS and Economic Development. GIS and Environmental Development H1: There is a significant link between GIS and Environmental Development. H0: There is no significant link between GIS and Environmental Development. To achieve these aims, a logical step has been carried out to complete this project. The structure of the research gives an idea of the issues covered in this project. 1.6 Methodology In order to analyse the general waste management situation in the local authorities (Municipalities and District Councils) in Mauritius, a scientific approach was implemented to gather primary information which comprises of different steps. These steps are as follows: Step 1: The target group was identified. 30 officers working in the Local Authorities were interviewed. Alongside, a questionnaire vide Appendix 1, was designed to retrieve information from the respondents. Step 2: The 30 officers were interviewed and the questionnaire was used as a guide to ensure proper flow of questions. However, much emphasis was put in open ended questions so as to get maximum information concerning their point of view relating to the present waste management system. Step 3: The data collected was analyzed using SPSS and Excel whereby results were shown on a first instance in terms of descriptive statistics being line charts, bar charts and in terms inferential statistics being correlation, cross tabulation. Step 4: A list of recommendations and suggestions are given regarding the use of GIS in solid waste management in Mauritius and how they it can help in sustainable waste management. As well as, what can be done to mitigate the barriers that prevent the proper use of GIS. Chapter 2 GIS Model Analysis 2.1 Model 1 This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A case study of fuel savings through optimisation of MSW transportation routes written by Gilberto Tavares, Zdena Zsigraiova, Viriato Semiao, Maria da Graà §a Carvalho published in 2008 in the Journal Management of Environmental Quality, Volume: 19 Issue: 4. At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work. 2.1.1 Waste management background in Cape Verde This study has been carried out for Cape Verde where the demographic growth, tourism and other economic activities are putting enormous pressure on government. There is still evident lack of development plans, the existing waste management being rather poor and characterized by inefficient collection systems. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008) Besides, the negative impact of untreated waste on public health and on public concern, which focused the attention of engineers and scientists on the quest for waste management solutions viewing the prevention of undesired environmental effects, economy plays also an important role on this activity. In fact, collection and transportation of waste can absorb as much as 75 per cent of the municipalities MSWM budget that are usually the institutions responsible for such activities. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008) One of the heavy costs present in MSWM systems is the fuel price and its consumption is inevitably associated with undesired pollutants emissions. Therefore, the minimisation of fuel consumption to perform waste collection and transportation to its treatment or final disposal brings enormous savings and environmental benefits. 2.1.2 GIS approach The methodology used comprised of three phases. Phase 1 The model of the terrain and the road network A 3D model of the entire island of Santo Antao, Cape Verde was produced based on a digitised map provided in CAD files. The 3D model is generated as polylines based on contour lines that reflect the actual relief of the terrain. Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst, the 3D road network is then generated from both the 2D road network and the terrain model complying with the road gradients. This methodology makes possible the generation of road networks in the appropriate form allowing for the calculation of all inclinations of each road segment, which permits to determine the fuel consumption for both road directions (uphill and downhill). The 3D digital model and the road network obtained allows the large variability of the relief to be observed. Phase 2 Calculation of actual fuel consumption Fuel consumption during waste collection and transportation is influenced by the travelled distance and by the actual operation conditions of a given vehicle. These effects are incorporated in the model through the methodology established by Ntziachristos and Samaras (2000) in COPERT, which is a computer programme to calculate emissions from transport vehicles on road. (Gilbero Tavares, 2008) Besides considering specific vehicle parameters, the methodology also takes into account different driving conditions, namely the type of the driving situation, the vehicle load and the road gradient. The gradient of a road increases, when positive, or decreases, when negative, the resistance of a vehicle to traction. Therefore, and because of their large masses, the power employed during the driving is the decisive parameter for the fuel consumption. Once calculated, the fuel consumption value for each route arc is stored in the spatial data base to be used later during the route solver procedure that searches for the route with minimum fuel consumption. Phase 3 Optimisation of vehicle routing The efficiency of a management system that is able to solve problems related to vehicles circulation in road networks can be measured through its capacity to obtain optimised routes. For a system of MSW transportation, this consists of generating an optimal route for a given vehicle so that the value of the selected cost criterion is minimised. For the calculation of the optimal routing, the model used herein makes recourse to ESRIs programs ArcGIS, ArcInfo and Network Analyst extension, and it finds the minimum defined impedance path through a network. In order to compare solutions and clarify the potential of the present methodology, the routes are optimised regarding either the lowest fuel consumption or the shortest distance. Findings The findings of the study showed that the optimisation for the lowest fuel consumption yields 52 per cent savings in fuel, when compared to that for the shortest distance, even travelling a 34 percent longer distance, which shows the importance of considering simultaneously the relief of the territory and the lowest fuel consumption criterion when optimising vehicle routes. 2.1.3 Critical views With such a supporting decision tool savings in fuel are huge, the efficiency of management systems is improved and the environmental impact during daily operation is reduced. The GIS 3D route modelling takes into account the effects of both the road inclination and the vehicle load. The originality of the work lies in the chosen approach. To optimize vehicle routes the criterion of minimum fuel consumption rather than the commonly used shortest distance is used, since fuel consumption is the factor reflecting actual costs relative to MSW management. 2.2 Model 2 This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, A GIS Approach to Waste Management and Recycling in New York State. Written by Ghaly, Ashraf and published in 2009 in the journal Proceedings of the International Conference on Waste Technology Management, p1140-1150. At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work. 2.2.1 Purpose of the study Solid waste and recycling programs requires management of large databases including collection data, transfer, processing, disposal, export, import, and future planning. The body of information involved in the decision making process is too challenging to effectively mange due to the many components it contains. A GIS approach takes advantage of the spatial nature of data presentation to illustrate the areas of strength in the system and to identify the areas in need for improvement. Such a system is not only useful to managers and state officials but it also is easier for the public to comprehend and appreciate. GIS also makes it easier to measure success and detect trends, which ultimately help improve the system to better manage collection, sorting, and recycling facilities. (Ghaly A., 2009) The existing recycling programs are put in place to reduce the use of virgin materials from forests, energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and water pollution. These programs ultimate goal is to promote conservation and to encourage the members of the public to be active participants in this effort. This paper uses GIS to demonstrate, using maps, the current state of waste management and recycling efforts, future plans, and methods of measuring success across geographic boundaries. The paper concludes that a spatially-based management system offers advantages, which makes it superior to non-spatial systems. Data Collection This paper uses data published by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) for all the counties in the state to study the efficiency of the existing recycling programs and to find ways to optimize the use of landfills. This analysis is done for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), industrial waste, demolition and construction debris, and for waste exported out of the state to neighboring North East states. For better management of solid waste in the state of New York, the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) maintains a comprehensive database on waste composition, pattern of waste generation, and methods of disposal. The success of this operation depends on the quality and accuracy of data collected. This data helps in the decision making process regarding the transfer and processing of solid waste, disposal, import/export, recycling, and in making plans for the future. To contribute to these efforts, the Northeast Recycling Council (NERC) developed an Environmental Benefits Calculator which generates estimates of the environmental benefits based on the tonnages of recycled materials. Environmental benefits metrics involves quantifying the reduction in use of virgin materials from forests, oil supplies, and mines; reduction in energy consumption; reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; and the reduction of water pollution, and conservation of natural resources. These are all goals that DEC is interested in increasing awareness for. Waste management and recycling are impacted by economic and political factors. These factors add a layer of complexity to the data collection process. Some of the concerns related to these issues are solid waste migration of recyclables across geographic boundaries, which involve dealing with regulations of various agencies and governments. In addition, the diversity and variety of recyclable materials add to the difficulty of compliance with required transportation methods across boundary lines. Four Phase Plan The DEC developed ambitious plans for data collection and analysis. This plan is made of four phases: Phase 1: Fill in data gaps by enforcing reporting requirements; researching recyclables data available from transfer or disposal facilities; and seeking voluntary data from non-regulated recyclers. Phase 2: Validate/improve data by using metrics to compare data from Planning Units and facilities; auditing a sampling of annual reports; include data source checks at facility inspections; and investing in electronic reporting mechanisms. Phase 3: Develop State policies to improve recycling by updating regulations to foster increased recycling; using permit conditions to promote best practices; involving State agencies/facilities; and incorporating these ideas into the State SWM Plan. Phase 4: Work with Planning Units to grow recycling by establishing more recycling metrics; reestablishing State promotion of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle); targeting higher recovery for paper and organics; and targeting outreach toward specific sectors such as government agencies, schools, and food service. Role of GIS in NYS Plan Data is the heart and soul of waste management analysis and future planning. In complying with their reporting requirements, the enormous number of facilities involved in waste management and recycling in NYS delivers tremendous amount of data. With its spatial nature as shown in the above maps, GIS can add a visual dimension to data that is otherwise too complex to comprehend. With more emphasis placed on enhancing reporting to comply with regulations, the bulk of the collected data is expected to increase and become more elaborate. It is believed that GIS with its excellent spatial techniques can help in the analysis phase and in the decision making process as well. Critical views A spatially-based geographic information system (GIS) for data management and analysis seems to be more capable of handling enormous amount of data similar to the volume collected by New York States Department of Environmental Conservation on solid waste and recycling activities in the state. With the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) aiming at improving reporting and analysis for better management, GIS can offer the tool necessary to accomplish these tasks with efficiency and ease. Based on this model, GIS can be used to collect data in respect of the type and volume of recyclable materials around the island of Mauritius. We can thus better plan the collection of recyclable wastes. 2.3 Model 3 This is an overview and a discussion of the paper, GIS Application in Coordinating Solid Waste Collection: The Case of Sinza Neighbourhood in Kinondoni Municipality, Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Written by Alphonce Kyessi and Victoria Mwakalinga and published in 2009 in the journal FIG Working Week 2009. At the end of the discussion there are critical views on this paper work. In this paper Alphonce Kyessi used GIS in ROUTING EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN SINZA A NEIGHBOURHOOD IN DAR ES SALAAM. 6.1 Location Sinza A is one of five residential neighbourhoods of Sinza ward in Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam. Accommodation about 5,000 people, the neighbourhood is located about 12 kilometres from the Dar es Salaam city centre. The Kinondoni Municipal Council had contracted private companies and civil societies organisations in the collection of solid waste in residential neighbourhoods. Kimangele Company Limited is one of those private contractors. The routing system for Kimangele Company was studied in detail to assess the solid waste collection efficiency as shown in Figure 5 and 6. Figure 5: Location of Sinza A area for Kimangele Contractor Source: Mwakalinga, 2005 Kimangele plies from house to house to establish a solid waste collection system known as bring system in Sinza A. The bring system is done in big catchment areas i.e. above 50 metres in radius. Waste generation and collection Sinza A consisted of 876 households (Mwakalinga, 2005). Generally the area generates about 14.5 tonnes of waste per day. The waste composes of plastics, tins, organic food waste, packaging materials, clothes, metals and bottles. Out of the waste generated, the contractor collects 8.4 tonnes from households. The rest About 5.1 tonnes (47.7%) of waste are collected by informal collectors (using wooden carts) to designated collection centres. The rest (about 1 tonne) is haphazardly dumped in rivers, on roads sides, burnt or buried. About 160 households are not members of house to house collection service; they prefer using the informal collectors instead of the contractors trucks. When interviewed, these households complained of ineffective collection system by the Contractor. One of the given reasons was that the truck was not following the rout as agreed. Others households said the collection charge of TShs. 2000/= per household was too high. They were ready to pay only TShs. 500/= per house regardless the number households in the house. Figure 6: Collection Systems as applied by Kimangele Company in Sinza A Source: Mwakalinga, 2005 When the Contractor was interviewed in 2005, he replied that, out of 716 households he was serving only 70% paid the refuse collection charges (Mwakalinga, 2005). According to Figure 8 below, there are some areas where the truck drives twice creating overlaps. Normally, a truck stands at a pick-up point, about 50 meters from the other. In other circumstances, the distance is more than 50 metres, and as a result more waiting time by the truck is needed indicating that the whole system of waste collection was foiled. Work Organisation The collection frequency by Kimangele was done twice a week i.e. Wednesdays and Saturdays. The service starts at 6.30 am to 5.30pm. The truck was making two trips on each day due to the amount of waste generated and the ability of the truck to carry the waste. The route for the first trip starts at Superstar area and ends at Kivulini through Sam Nujoma road to Mtoni kwa Kabuma dump site, about 30 kilometres away (see Figure 7). The route for the second trip passes through Morogoro road via Shekilango road; the first point in this trip is Super Star Street ending at cafà © Latino Street. Thereafter the route enters Sam Nujoma road to the main dump site, Mtoni kwa Kabuma. Figure 7: Existing Route for Kimangele Company in Sinza A Neighbourhood 6.4
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Colorblind Love Essay -- Pesronal Narrative Ethnicity Racism Papers
Colorblind Love I met my wife Aretha in the fall of 1997; she had just moved from Portland, Oregon, to my hometown of Portland, Maine. By Christmas we were dating, and before we knew it we were both graduating and heading to Boston for college. We’re now happily married and have a one-year-old baby girl. It sounds like a classic high school sweetheart romance, right? Well, to us, yes. But to many people, we’re â€Å"different†. These people’s views have nothing to do with our love, our relationship, or our daughter. They have to do with race. Yes, I’m talking about the mere color of our skin. My wife is Black and I am White. We’re both Americans, born on the same soil and raised within the same language and popular cultureâ€â€all variables are equal except for our skin color. Yet many people see us as two entirely different types of people who do not belong together, as if Cupid’s arrows discriminate. Have these bigots ever bothered us? Of course, we’ve been affected in some ways. But overall, we thank them for their ignorance, as our relationship has only grown stronger. For instance, if we’re at the mall and a few people stare at us or point in our direction, we smile and wrap our arms around each other even tighter. A major reason we receive stares and assume special status is not only because of people’s views, but also because we are relatively rare. Slavery was abolished almost 140 years ago and our own parents witnessed the civil rights movement of the 1960’s. So why do interracial marriages still only account for 2.9 percent of all American marriages according to the latest U.S. Census data? Or more specifically, why do Black/White couples like Aretha and me account for only 0.7 percent? Of course there is no simple answer ... ... will approach melting pot status; the blender will grind the vegetables. If my grandchildren ever have to write a paper like this, my hope is that it will document success and the achievement of real racial equality. Works Cited: Randall Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies: Sex, Marriage, Identity, and Adoption, Pantheon Books, 2003; Maria Root, Love’s Revolution: Interracial Marriage, Temple University Press, 2001; Maria Root, â€Å"The Color of Love,†The American Prospect, 8 Apr. 2002; Michael Lind, â€Å"Far From Heaven,†The Nation, 16 Jun. 2003; Regan Good, â€Å"Questions for Randall Kennedy: Color Dynamics,†New York Times Magazine, 9 Feb. 2003; â€Å"Racial Patterns Across the United States,†Society, Nov./Dec. 2001; United States Census Bureau, "Interracial Married Couples", 12 Jun 2003, http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/ tabMS-3.pdf.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Inventory management
Do they ever face the problem of receiving orders for an item that their vendor is not able to fulfill because it is out-of-stock (over-ordering or running out of stock)? I. If no, can this be a problem they might have in the future? 1. If no, why not? N. If yes, how does the vendor handle it? 1. Cancels Order a. Does canceling order affect your relationship with the customer? B. Does canceling order affect the customer reputation for the vendor? C. Are there any other issues associated with canceling an order? 2. Purchases from another vendor to fulfill order a.Does it affect their profit margin? B. Are there any other Issues associated with purchasing from another vendor? . Vendor will manufacture additional products to fulfill order a. Does this affect the delivery time? I. If yes 1 . Is changing delivery time okay with you? 2. Is changing delivery time okay with the customer? B. Are there any other Issues associated with manufacturing product after an online order has been receiv ed? 4. Is there another way to handle this Issue apart from canceling and order / Purchasing from another vendor / manufacturing additional products? Iii.Would it help your vendors to have a tool that allows them to manage inventory across multiple online marketplaces? 1 . If yes a. Would your vendors be willing to pay for such a tool? B. Does your marketplace allow for a software to connect to your online marketplace using a Website API to allow l. Product uploads Inventory updates iii. Orders v. Viewing competitors asking prices c. Would you be willing to help us market such a tool? 2. If no, why not? V. Do you encourage your vendors to view their competitors pricing and price their products accordingly? 1 . If yes, would It help your vendors to have a tool that allows Inventory Management Purpose of research A study of inventory management is undertaken in order to know the inventory performance and position of selected companies and to know the strength and weakness and to assess the profitability of the companies. Inventories constitute most significant part of assets of large majority of the companies in India. Inventory a double edged sword is usually an asset of an organization, if not used properly it will become liability. It is therefore absolutely very important to manage inventories efficiently and effectively in order to overcome unnecessary investment.Excessive stock, or excess inventory, is the result of bad management of stock demand or of material flow in process management. Excessive stock is also associated with loss of revenue owing to additional capital bound with the purchase or simply storage space taken. Shortage of stocks leads to loss of business, hence inventory management plays a key role. Literature review: †¢Article on inventory manage ment by weilege †¢Case study on coco-cola bottling inventory management by S. L Adyemi †¢Article on inventory management by James H Aim: â€Å"To identify the problems/challenges involved in the Inventory Management process†Objectives: 1. To study the inventory control measures and methods of valuation of inventory of selected companies in India of manufacturing industry 2. To identify problems related to inventory management specific to manufacturing industry of selected companies 3. To make a comparative study of inventory management of selected companies under manufacturing industries and to offer suggestions for effective inventory management Hypothesis: Research hypothesis: â€Å"Optimum inventory management leads to profitability of companies†Research methodology: a)Primary data:The primary data will be collected by personal interviews with officials. b) Secondary data Files, annual reports, periodicals, manuals and text book. Which have already been p assed through the statistical process are the secondary data used. Scope of the study: †¢ This study is to find the facts and opinions of inventory management and control of selected companies under manufacturing industries. †¢ In accordance with the present trends it aims mainly at finding out the inventory control procedures. Limitation of the study †¢ The study is related to only specific or selected companies in India of manufacturing industries.Proposed content of the dissertation: 1. Chapter 1: introduction 2. Chapter 2: literature review 3. Chapter 3: data collection and research methodology 4. Chapter 4: analysis and data interpretations 5. Chapter 5: findings and recommendations 6. Chapter 6: Conclusion 7. Bibliography 8. Annexure Work plan: First two weeks : literature review next two weeks: data collection for the project next four weeks: analysis and interpretation of data next two weeks: Findings and suggestions or recommendations next two weeks: compilin g of project report last few weeks : correction of report and final report preparation. Inventory Management Purpose of research A study of inventory management is undertaken in order to know the inventory performance and position of selected companies and to know the strength and weakness and to assess the profitability of the companies. Inventories constitute most significant part of assets of large majority of the companies in India. Inventory a double edged sword is usually an asset of an organization, if not used properly it will become liability. It is therefore absolutely very important to manage inventories efficiently and effectively in order to overcome unnecessary investment.Excessive stock, or excess inventory, is the result of bad management of stock demand or of material flow in process management. Excessive stock is also associated with loss of revenue owing to additional capital bound with the purchase or simply storage space taken. Shortage of stocks leads to loss of business, hence inventory management plays a key role. Literature review: †¢Article on inventory manage ment by weilege †¢Case study on coco-cola bottling inventory management by S. L Adyemi †¢Article on inventory management by James H Aim: â€Å"To identify the problems/challenges involved in the Inventory Management process†Objectives: 1. To study the inventory control measures and methods of valuation of inventory of selected companies in India of manufacturing industry 2. To identify problems related to inventory management specific to manufacturing industry of selected companies 3. To make a comparative study of inventory management of selected companies under manufacturing industries and to offer suggestions for effective inventory management Hypothesis: Research hypothesis: â€Å"Optimum inventory management leads to profitability of companies†Research methodology: a)Primary data:The primary data will be collected by personal interviews with officials. b) Secondary data Files, annual reports, periodicals, manuals and text book. Which have already been p assed through the statistical process are the secondary data used. Scope of the study: †¢ This study is to find the facts and opinions of inventory management and control of selected companies under manufacturing industries. †¢ In accordance with the present trends it aims mainly at finding out the inventory control procedures. Limitation of the study †¢ The study is related to only specific or selected companies in India of manufacturing industries.Proposed content of the dissertation: 1. Chapter 1: introduction 2. Chapter 2: literature review 3. Chapter 3: data collection and research methodology 4. Chapter 4: analysis and data interpretations 5. Chapter 5: findings and recommendations 6. Chapter 6: Conclusion 7. Bibliography 8. Annexure Work plan: First two weeks : literature review next two weeks: data collection for the project next four weeks: analysis and interpretation of data next two weeks: Findings and suggestions or recommendations next two weeks: compilin g of project report last few weeks : correction of report and final report preparation.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Fragmentary Sentences and Sentence Fragments
Fragmentary Sentences and Sentence Fragments Fragmentary Sentences and Sentence Fragments Fragmentary Sentences and Sentence Fragments By Mark Nichol A sentence can be fragmentary, but it shouldn’t be a fragment. What’s the difference? Writers should distinguish between fragmentary sentences and sentence fragments. The following sentences are fragmentary: â€Å"A virtuoso performance? Some virtuoso.†Despite the absence of a subject and a verb, which are considered standard components of a sentence, the reader fills in the missing parts: (â€Å"[Do you call that] a virtuoso performance? [That musician is] some virtuoso.†) A sentence fragment, by contrast, is usually a dependent clause formatted as if it were a complete sentence, such as the second sentence in the following passage: â€Å"I went to the store. Because I need to buy some toiletries for my trip.†The form shown in the second sentence isn’t necessarily always wrong; it’s appropriate as a response in colloquial dialogue: â€Å"Why did you go to the store?†â€Å"Because I need to buy some toiletries for my trip.†Otherwise, however, it’s erroneous. It’s possible, too, for a complete sentence to be misconstrued as a sentence fragment because of a simple error such as omission of punctuation. For example, â€Å"Before I was inclined to agree†is a sentence fragment, because the words do not constitute a complete thought; no useful information has been conveyed. The implication is that a condition will be described: â€Å"Before I was inclined to agree, I needed more proof.†If, however, before is supplied as an adverbial tag, followed by a comma (â€Å"Before, I was inclined to agree†), the wording becomes a coherent statement indicating that in the past, the writer would likely have agreed with something. Presumably, a sentence will follow with a similarly constructed reversal written in the present tense (â€Å"Now, I’m not so sure†). However, fragmentary sentences are valid. Besides the commentary form, shown above in the examples about the alleged virtuoso, they may take the form of interjections (â€Å"Whew!†â€Å"How sad!†â€Å"What a nightmare!†), expressions (â€Å"Good job!†â€Å"So long!†), and partial imperatives (â€Å"To the castle!†) Though, of course, exclamation points are not required in fragmentary sentences, they are common, and note that such sentences are considered colloquial and should be used with caution in formal writing. You with me? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications
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